24 Questions
What is the primary purpose of obtaining ethical clearance for a research study?
To hold researchers accountable for their actions
Which type of scale is used to classify measurements into classes, but does not imply any order or hierarchy?
Nominal Scale
What is the term used to describe the process of identifying and defining the main question of a research study?
Research Question
What is the primary advantage of using an ordinal scale?
It allows for the ranking of data in a specific order
What is the term used to describe the degree to which the results of a study can be consistent and repeated?
Reliability
What is the primary purpose of identifying the dependent and independent variables in a research study?
To understand the relationships between variables
What is the term used to describe the extent to which research findings can be applied to other contexts?
External Validity
What is the term used to describe the steps taken to prepare for a research study?
Research Route
What is the primary purpose of holding a control variable constant in a study?
To prevent it from interfering with the results
Which of the following research designs is most effective in eliminating maturation as a threat to internal validity?
Solomon's Four group design
What is the primary advantage of using a sample instead of a population in a quantitative research study?
Reduced cost and time
Which of the following is a threat to external validity?
Sampling bias
What is the primary purpose of using a sampling frame in a quantitative research study?
To select the sampling units
Which of the following can be a consequence of low internal validity in a quantitative research study?
Misleading conclusions
What is the primary purpose of measurement in a quantitative research study?
To accurately measure the variables
Which of the following research designs is most effective in minimizing history as a threat to internal validity?
Solomon's Four group design
Which of the following research designs is characterized by the random allocation of test units to an experimental group and a control group, with measurements taken before and after the experimental group is exposed to a treatment?
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
What is the primary concern of internal validity?
The trustworthiness of the causal relationship being tested
Which threat to internal validity is related to the potential for an unrelated event to influence the outcomes?
History
What is the primary concern of external validity?
The extent to which results can be generalized to other situations
Which research design is used to minimize the threat of sensitization by the pre-test?
Solomon's Three- or Four-Group Design
What is the primary purpose of using simulations as a data collection method?
To make scientific innovations and solutions to problems
Which of the following is a characteristic of case studies?
Descriptive in nature
What is the term for the improper implementation of data collection methods?
Instrumentation
Study Notes
Research Study Fundamentals
- Reliability is the degree to which a study's results can be consistent and repeated.
- A "Research Route" involves preparing for a research study by identifying the main question, deciding on necessary information, identifying dependent and independent variables, and listing null and alternative hypotheses.
Research Proposal
- Obtaining Ethical Clearance is essential to ensure accountability and minimize harm to individuals involved in the research.
- Ethical Clearance is a "go-ahead" granted by a research committee that assesses the research study's aims, methods, and intentions.
Data Types
- Nominal Scales: classify measurements into categories using labels (e.g., gender, nationality).
- Ordinal Scales: list measurements in distinct order (e.g., "low, middle, high").
- Interval Scales: numerical scales without a "true zero" (e.g., temperature).
Quantitative Research Process
- Quantitative Research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data to find patterns, averages, and test causality.
- Key terms: Population, Sample, Sampling Unit, Sampling Frame, Variable, Control Variable, Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Validity.
Research Design
- The pretest-posttest control group design is a type of true experimental design where test units are randomly allocated to an experimental group and a control group.
- Solomon's Four-Group Design is a research method that can be used to minimize the influence of pre-tests on the results.
Internal and External Validity
- Internal Validity: the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors.
- External Validity: the extent to which results from a study can be applied to other situations, groups, or events.
- Factors that threaten internal validity include history, selection, and unreliable instrumentation.
Understand the concept of reliability in research and the steps involved in the research route, including identifying the main question and deciding on the necessary information.
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