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Questions and Answers
What is a primary focus of social justice in research?
What is a primary focus of social justice in research?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of prediction in research?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of prediction in research?
What is a key characteristic of a well-formulated research problem?
What is a key characteristic of a well-formulated research problem?
What does the process of debunking primarily focus on?
What does the process of debunking primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of explanation in research?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of explanation in research?
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What is a key aspect of formulating a good research question?
What is a key aspect of formulating a good research question?
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What is involved in conducting a literature review?
What is involved in conducting a literature review?
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Which of the following best describes 'research design'?
Which of the following best describes 'research design'?
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Why is it important to identify gaps in existing literature?
Why is it important to identify gaps in existing literature?
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Which of the following represents a poorly formed research question?
Which of the following represents a poorly formed research question?
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What is the primary focus of the low income cut-off (LICO) measure?
What is the primary focus of the low income cut-off (LICO) measure?
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Which poverty type is characterized by not having enough income to meet basic survival needs?
Which poverty type is characterized by not having enough income to meet basic survival needs?
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Which measure is globally recognized for evaluating income inequality among households?
Which measure is globally recognized for evaluating income inequality among households?
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What three components does the Human Development Index base its rankings on?
What three components does the Human Development Index base its rankings on?
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The Global North typically includes which of the following regions?
The Global North typically includes which of the following regions?
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What does sociological imagination enable individuals to do?
What does sociological imagination enable individuals to do?
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Which statement best describes the concept of norms?
Which statement best describes the concept of norms?
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What is meant by constraining power in social structures?
What is meant by constraining power in social structures?
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Which aspect is NOT associated with social institutions?
Which aspect is NOT associated with social institutions?
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What does the term 'social structure' primarily refer to?
What does the term 'social structure' primarily refer to?
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How can social relationship patterns be characterized?
How can social relationship patterns be characterized?
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What is transformative power in the context of social institutions?
What is transformative power in the context of social institutions?
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What is the primary focus of quantitative research in sociology?
What is the primary focus of quantitative research in sociology?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of social status?
Which of the following is NOT an example of social status?
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What do values represent within a society?
What do values represent within a society?
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What does feminist theory primarily argue about conflict?
What does feminist theory primarily argue about conflict?
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Which concept explains how society remains stable day to day?
Which concept explains how society remains stable day to day?
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Which statement about symbolic interactionism is true?
Which statement about symbolic interactionism is true?
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What distinguishes high culture from popular culture?
What distinguishes high culture from popular culture?
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In terms of language, which statement reflects its nature in culture?
In terms of language, which statement reflects its nature in culture?
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Which element is a focus of critique under feminist theory?
Which element is a focus of critique under feminist theory?
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What role does culture play according to symbolic interactionism?
What role does culture play according to symbolic interactionism?
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What characterizes a subculture?
What characterizes a subculture?
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What concept explains how individuals perceive themselves based on their group memberships?
What concept explains how individuals perceive themselves based on their group memberships?
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Which of the following is a primary agent of socialization during early childhood?
Which of the following is a primary agent of socialization during early childhood?
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What is a common characteristic of a blended family?
What is a common characteristic of a blended family?
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How does role conflict occur?
How does role conflict occur?
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Which family type is defined as consisting of a single parent and their child or children?
Which family type is defined as consisting of a single parent and their child or children?
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What does conflict theory suggest about the family unit?
What does conflict theory suggest about the family unit?
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Which of the following describes the concept of reciprocal socialization?
Which of the following describes the concept of reciprocal socialization?
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What is one potential consequence of industrialization on families according to conflict theory?
What is one potential consequence of industrialization on families according to conflict theory?
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Which theory focuses on the meaning created through family interactions?
Which theory focuses on the meaning created through family interactions?
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What is one characteristic of extended families?
What is one characteristic of extended families?
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What change has influenced the increasing prevalence of common-law couples?
What change has influenced the increasing prevalence of common-law couples?
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What do agents of socialization include?
What do agents of socialization include?
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Which statement accurately reflects the potential impact of mass media as an agent of socialization?
Which statement accurately reflects the potential impact of mass media as an agent of socialization?
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Study Notes
Lecture 1
- The social world operates in patterns and can be predicted, but nothing is certain.
- The sociological imagination connects personal problems to broader social issues.
- It allows individuals to understand societal causes of personal experiences.
- Science and technology are fundamental to how society works. They alter behaviors and connect people globally.
- Norms are shared expectations within a society.
- Values represent shared beliefs about what is good or desirable.
- Society is a group of people in a particular area sharing things like norms and values.
Social Structure
- Enduring and predictable patterns of social relations among people in a society.
- Constraints and shapes people's behaviors.
- Examples include the economy, family, education, government.
- Constraining Power: when actions are limited by the situation.
- Social institutions control behavior via norms.
- Social Institutions: a social structure with standardized patterns of rule-governed behavior (e.g., family, religion, education).
- Social relationships: ongoing communication with expected patterns.
- Transformative power: The tendency for social institutions or experiences to change people's behavior, which changes norms in a society
- Dyad: a two-person social set who communicate.
- Triad: a social network made up of multiple individuals / organizations.
- Status: a person's place in a hierarchy determined by relative rank.
- Role: a set of behaviors, rights, beliefs, norms, and associated with a specific situation.
Interaction, Knowledge, and Research
- Interaction: communication between two or more people.
- Knowing What Know: Proposing and examining theories. This includes development of concepts and relationships among those concepts; finding new explanations of those observed relationships; and making new hypotheses to be verified.
- Quantitative research seeks factual information about social phenomenons often through statistical analysis, while Qualitative research strives for understanding by analyzing human behaviors through observation, interaction, or interviews.
- Canon of sociology (paradigms): different perspectives to understand society
- Conflict theory: Society develops through class struggle with some groups holding more power than others.
- Functionalist theory: Society is made up of interconnected parts all working together for overall functioning
Symbolic Interactionism, Feminist theory, and Postmodernism
- Symbolic Interactionism: focuses on how people interact with one another / how individuals use symbols to form understandings of reality; how people create meanings through symbols.
- Feminist Theory: examines gender equality and the relationships between men and women / focuses on gender equality and seeks to understand the ways in which historical inequalities have shaped women's experience, and seeks to challenge patriarchal forms of oppression.
- Postmodernism: denies the universal validity of knowledge; analysis of the motives and reasons behind statements made about world groups.
Measuring the Real World Sociologically
- Bias occurs from flawed observations impacting conclusions.
- Research processes should avoid this by reducing massive information to compact theories and understanding the steps needed to draw scientific claims about trends and patterns.
- Five research goals in sociology are: Enumerate and describe, Predict, Explain, Dubunking, and Social Justice.
Culture, Conflict, Feminist Theory (Continued)
- Culture: a way of life shared by people in a group that develops over time and influences how we engage with others and the norms we uphold.
- Cultural Relativism: the comparison of and understanding of different cultures to one's own.
- Conflict Theory (Cultural Perspective): dominant groups maintain power through cultural manipulation to reinforce existing power structures.
- Feminist Theory: Focuses on gender inequality as a primary driver of conflict. Gender socialization shapes roles, cultures, inequalities are pervasive.
- Functionalism: Society maintains harmony through shared norms and values and the performance of various institutions/operations.
Culture, Language, and Variation
- Culture is transmitted through language, affecting relationships and perceptions.
- Material culture refers to physical objects.
- Immaterial culture comprises ideals, customs, traditions, etc.
- Cultural variations exist in norms, values, and behaviour.
- Organizational Culture involves norms, values & patterns of behavior within organizations. Culture plays a significant role in every aspect of life.
- Cultural Capital: skill and knowledge accumulated through experiences that can improve social and economic factors.
- Cultural literacy: the societal understanding of behaviors & values that contribute to one's credibility and respect within society.
- High culture: associated with status and often excludes from general access those not in higher classes.
Lecture #4: Socialization
- Socialization: the process of learning norms, values, and expectations associated with a society
- Approaches to socialization: Structural functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, Conflict perspective, and Feminist perspective.
- Processes: Micro or macro
- Primary socialization (e.g., family/early childhood) teaches basic norms and skills.
- Secondary socialization (e.g., school, peer groups, mass media) teaches additional norms, values, and skills, and reinforce culture.
Lecture #5: Families, Age Groups, and Social Patterns
- Family structures vary over time, cultures, and based on relationship types.
- Family types include single-parent, extended, blended, and same-sex families.
- Kin groups are networks of related people, sharing values, resources, and practices.
- Census families, nuclear families, and family types were described.
Lecture #6 & #7: Social Stratification and Global Inequality
- Social Stratification: hierarchical arrangement of groups in society based on resources and power.
- Class systems, based on economic resources and power, are described.
- Upward and downward mobility within a class system, and the causes of those changes, are noted.
- Types of poverty and measures of poverty are discussed.
- Global Inequality: disparities in wealth, income, resources between nations. Causes, implications, and perspectives of global inequality were discussed.
Methods of Research
- Quantitative research emphasizes numerical data.
- Qualitative research seeks understanding through detailed descriptions and observations.
- Research ethics boards, informed consent, and research methods are central to conducting ethical studies.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in research methodology, including social justice, research design, and the formulation of good research questions. This quiz covers various aspects of conducting research and evaluating literature, emphasizing the significance of identifying gaps in existing knowledge.
