Research Methodology: Population and Samples

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bank studying years of financial transactions to help identify patterns of fraud</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sample is a small subgroup of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gather opinions and preferences from a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of control over the experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consumer testing of different versions of a product</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine if some form of advertising at the intersection is justified</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To elicit unstructured responses to open-ended questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The data collector is the one using the data for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To apply results obtained from a sample to the larger population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every member of the population does not have an equal chance of being chosen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants are volunteers and know how to use computers and have access to them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By comparing the results from studies conducted on the Internet with the results of parallel studies conducted using traditional methods and evaluating the results to check if they conform to theoretical predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they are not randomly selected from the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making the appeal as interesting as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study behavior that can only be observed when a person is caught off guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because personal characteristics influence how people respond to incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Offering a small reward for participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Situational factors, personal characteristics, and incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deception may violate requirements of informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obtaining prior consent to be deceived</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fully informing people produces behavior different from when they are caught unaware</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants are less likely to volunteer for future research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Violation of informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A social contract approach between researcher and participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the effect of a specific treatment or intervention on a particular outcome or response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survey data is collected from individuals or groups through direct questioning, while financial data is collected from existing records or databases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In observational studies, there is no direct control over which items receive the treatment, whereas in designed experiments, there is direct control over which items receive the treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine which product or promotion to use more broadly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designed experiments can establish cause-and-effect relationships, while survey data is often limited to correlational relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To elicit unstructured responses to open-ended questions or to observe natural phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because minor differences in a strain of rats may yield different results, and findings cannot be generalized due to differences in strains used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When you want to apply results directly to a population, for example, predicting behavior from a survey or poll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary source of data is collected by the person analyzing the data, whereas a secondary source of data is collected by someone else.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goal of generalization is to apply the results obtained from a sample to the larger population. This is achieved through random sampling, where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volunteer bias: the sample made up of volunteers is a biased sample, and participant-related characteristics relate to volunteering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internet research uses a nonrandom sample, as participants are volunteers who have access to computers and know how to use them. This limitation can be addressed by comparing the results with traditional methods or evaluating the results against theoretical predictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it is one of the factors that affect the generality of results, along with how independent variables are manipulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A random sample is a sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen, whereas a nonrandom sample is a sample in which every member of the population does not have an equal chance of being chosen. This is important in research because it affects the generalizability of the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participation should be voluntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The researcher can either wait for participants to happen along or recruit participants and randomly assign them to conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers need to be cautious when using nonrandom sampling methods because they may not be representative of the larger population, which can affect the validity of the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonrandom samples can lead to biased results and affect the generalizability of the findings. This can be mitigated by using techniques such as comparing the results with traditional methods or evaluating the results against theoretical predictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create interesting situations that are not likely to occur naturally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the likelihood of participants volunteering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the likelihood of participants volunteering and to reduce potential harm to participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct deception involves providing misinformation to participants, while indirect deception involves withholding information about the study's purposes or goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases trust and credibility in the research and the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress or aversive situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A key concern is that deceived participants may react differently from non-deceived participants, and may feel duped or develop a negative attitude towards research. This can be addressed by obtaining prior consent to be deceived, or by using a social contract approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deceived participants may feel duped and experience a loss of self-esteem, and may be less likely to volunteer for future research. This can be mitigated by obtaining prior consent to be deceived, or by using a social contract approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A social contract approach involves reaching an agreement between the researcher and participant on how research should be conducted, and may involve obtaining prior consent to be deceived. This approach acknowledges that deception may be necessary in some cases, as long as human dignity is maintained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deception may violate the requirements of informed consent, which requires participants to be fully aware of the risks and benefits of the research. Obtaining prior consent to be deceived can help address this issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cost-benefit analysis can help researchers weigh the potential benefits of using deception against the potential costs, and make a more informed decision about whether to use deception in a particular study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proposed solution is to obtain prior consent to be deceived, or to use a social contract approach. This involves obtaining agreement from participants that they are willing to be deceived, and that they understand the risks and benefits of the research.</p> Signup and view all the answers