Research Methodology Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which group is NOT mentioned as a target for recommendations?

  • Health and health-related managers
  • Academic researchers (correct)
  • Policy-makers
  • The community at large

What is a primary purpose of recommendations according to the content?

  • To attract potential clients
  • To provide reference material
  • To summarize findings for policymakers
  • To propose methods for solving problems (correct)

What is required for citations in the references section?

  • Only works that are frequently cited
  • All publications read by the authors
  • Only references mentioned in the paper (correct)
  • Only references reviewed by peers

Which of the following is the correct format for citing journal articles?

<p>Author(s), Year, Article title, Journal title abbreviated, volume(issue): pages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What verb tense should be used for directives and conclusions?

<p>Present tense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT typically included in annexes or appendices?

<p>Bibliographic elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which order should references be listed?

<p>Alphabetically by the last name of the first author (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT necessary for a thesis or dissertation citation?

<p>Journal title (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of research objectives?

<p>They should utilize action verbs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a research report?

<p>Literature review (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variables includes factors that may influence the outcome of a study?

<p>Confounding variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'R' in SMART objectives stand for?

<p>Relevant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be included in a work plan?

<p>Tasks to be performed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a well-written abstract?

<p>It describes the problem briefly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable provides outcomes or diseases in research?

<p>Dependent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes what the title or cover page of a research report should include?

<p>Research title and author information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of research?

<p>To systematically collect and analyze data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these criteria should NOT be considered when selecting a research topic?

<p>Duplication of previous studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is NOT typically included in a research proposal?

<p>Final report layout (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a good title of research primarily include?

<p>Conciseness and relevance to the study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be found in the introduction of a research proposal?

<p>Methodology of the research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a literature review important in research?

<p>To prevent duplication and inform the research approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-written research question?

<p>It is short and concise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally comes after the implementation of a study?

<p>Presentation of results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the research results section primarily focus on?

<p>Planning which results are essential for answering research questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important element to include in the discussion section?

<p>An explanation of unexpected findings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should tables be organized in the research results section?

<p>To highlight individual values concisely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the materials and methods section?

<p>Requires a chronological description of actions taken (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape should figures take in the research results section?

<p>Figures should present clear trends without unnecessary elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of statistical methods, what should be stated?

<p>Packages and software utilized in the analysis should be included (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be avoided in the results section?

<p>Including discussion of the findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the conclusion of a research study provide?

<p>A brief summary of key findings and their implications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is research?

The systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to answer a question or solve a problem.

Relevance in research topic selection

Ensuring the chosen topic addresses a significant and relevant issue that impacts a considerable population. Questions to consider: How prevalent is the problem? Who is affected? What is the severity?

Avoiding duplication in research

Avoiding duplication of research by confirming that the topic has not been extensively investigated already. Helps to maximize efficiency and focus on new knowledge gaps.

Literature review in research

A comprehensive review of existing information related to the research topic. It involves examining previous studies, reports, and literature to gain a deep understanding of the subject.

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What is a research proposal?

A formal document that outlines the research plan. It includes the topic, objectives, methodology, timeline, and resources.

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What is a research objective?

A specific and concise statement that clearly defines the aim or purpose of the research. It should be clear, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.

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Methodology in a research proposal

The detailed plan for conducting the research. It describes the methods, tools, and procedures used to gather and analyze data.

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References in a research proposal

A section in a research proposal that provides a list of sources used to gather information. It follows specific formatting guidelines to ensure proper citation.

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Research Rationale

The part of a research paper that explains the reasons behind the study.

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Research Objectives

Specific aims or goals that the researcher hopes to achieve through the study.

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Materials and Methods

The section of a research paper that outlines the methods and procedures used in the study. It uses past tense to describe what was done.

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Subjects (in Research)

A group of individuals or units selected for a study.

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Independent Variable

The factor being manipulated or changed in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable

The factor being measured or observed in an experiment.

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Pilot Study

A smaller version of a research study conducted to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the methods.

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Discussion

The section of a research paper where the researcher summarizes the findings of the study, answering the research questions and discussing the implications.

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Research Goal

Describes the overall aim of the research in broad terms.

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SMART Objectives

Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound steps to achieve the research goal.

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Confounding Variables

Variables that can influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, but are not the primary focus of the study.

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Abstract

A brief summary of the research, including the problem, objectives, methods, findings, and conclusions.

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Introduction

Provides background information, outlines the research problem, and explains the importance of the study.

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Research Results

Presents the results of the research in a clear and concise manner, often using tables, figures, and charts.

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Logical Recommendations

Recommendations should be directly connected to the research findings and address specific issues identified.

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Targeted Recommendations

Recommendations should be tailored to different groups involved in the research, like policymakers, health professionals, and the community.

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Problem-Solving Recommendations

Recommendations can suggest methods, procedures, or approaches for solving specific problems or addressing specific needs.

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Actionable Recommendations

Recommendations can suggest further research, actions, or projects that can build upon the initial findings.

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References in Research

References provide a list of sources cited in the text, organized alphabetically by the author's last name.

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Citing Journal Articles

When citing a journal article, include the author(s), publication year, article title, journal title abbreviation, volume, issue number, and page numbers.

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Accuracy of References

The References section should only include references that were actuallyRead and mentioned in the paper.

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Verb Tenses in Research

Verb tenses should be consistent and accurate in research writing. Use the present tense for directives, conclusions, generalities, and stable conditions. Use the past tense for procedures, results, and finished statements.

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Study Notes

Research Methodology

  • Research is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer a question or solve a problem.

Steps of Conducting Research

  • A. Prioritizing and Selecting a Research Topic:

    • Relevance: The topic should address a significant problem, considering its size, scope, impact, and who is affected.
    • Avoid Duplication: Ensure the topic hasn't been extensively studied before.

  • B. Literature Review:

    • Examining existing information is crucial to avoid duplication and understand previous research related to the chosen topic.
    • Literature reviews provide compelling arguments for the need for the study.

  • C. Development of a Research Proposal:

    • Contents: A research proposal should include a title, introduction, research objectives, methodology, work plan, references, and appendices.

  • D. Implementation of Study:

    • Includes data collection, processing, analysis, interpretation, final report writing, and presenting results.

Components of Research Process

  • 1. Purpose: The overall aim of the research.
  • 2. Research Questions: Questions to be answered by the research.
  • 3. Assumptions: Underlying beliefs and ideas.
  • 4. Sampling Methods: How the sample for the study will be selected.
  • 5. Data Collection Methods: Techniques used to gather data.
  • 6. Research Methods: Approaches to conducting the research study.
  • 7. Quality Criteria: Standards for evaluating the quality of the research study.
  • 8. Data Analysis: Examining the data collected to identify trends.
  • 9. Report Writing: Preparing and presenting the findings.

I. Title of the Research

  • A concise, accurate title (10-12 words) clearly relating to the study's purpose.
  • Specify the investigated population and location of the study.
  • Avoid redundant phrases like "A study of..."

II. Introduction (Background Information and Statement of the Research Problem)

  • Provide background context related to the study's topic.
  • State the research question clearly and concisely.
  • Explain the importance of the topic.
  • Summarize existing knowledge on the topic.
  • Highlight knowledge gaps or problematic areas.
  • Present findings from relevant prior studies (using past tense).
  • Clearly articulate the research questions.

III. Research Goals and Objectives

  • Goals: Broad statements outlining the aims of the study.
  • Objectives: Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) statements that guide the study's direction.

IV. Methodology

  • Identify variables (independent, dependent, confounding).
  • Classify variables as numerical (continuous/discrete) or categorical (ordinal/nominal).
  • Clearly define variables.

V. Work Plan

  • Detail tasks to be performed.
  • Specify timelines for each task.
  • Identify individuals responsible for each task.

VI. References

  • References should be numbered in the order they appear in the report.
  • The complete list of references follows a specific format (e.g., Vancouver system).

VII. Annexes

  • Include interview schedules, questionnaires, informed consent forms, and ethical approvals.

D. Final Report Writing

  • Components: Title page, abstract, introduction, objectives, methodology, and other sections as necessary (results, discussion, conclusions, recommendations, references, and appendices).

VI. Research Results

  • Plan results that answer research questions.
  • Present results in a logical order.
  • Use tables/figures for clarity.
  • Ensure tables and figures have a strong visual impact and are informative.

VII. Discussion

  • Interpret results in relation to the research questions.
  • Explain findings and unexpected findings.
  • Describe clinical significance and implications of the findings.

VIII. Conclusions

  • Summarize the main findings of the study.
  • State the implications of the conclusions.

IX. Recommendations

  • Offer suggestions and actions based on findings.
  • Target recommendations to relevant audiences (e.g., policy makers, healthcare professionals).

X. References

  • Complete list of cited sources in alphabetical order by author's last name.
  • Include only referenced sources that were used in the study.

XI. Annexes or Appendices

  • Include supporting materials like interview schedules, consent forms, ethical approvals.

Verb Tenses

  • Present: Used for instructions, general statements, and stable conditions.
  • Past: Used for procedures and results (action completed in the past).

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