Research Methodology Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following instruments is primarily used in quantitative research?

Document Method

Product Evaluation Checklist

Interview Questions

Questionnaire (correct)

What is the main purpose of the Likert Scale in research instruments?

To record open-ended responses

To analyze experimental products

To express opinions through multiple-choice questions

To quantify responses through numerical scales (correct)

Which method involves collecting data through direct interaction with respondents?

Observation Method

Survey/Questionnaire Method

Document Method

Interview Method (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a method for collecting primary data?

Literary Analysis Method Signup and view all the answers

What does an Assessment specifically measure?

Competency based on academic disciplines Signup and view all the answers

Which of these instruments is best suited for qualitative research?

Interview Questions Signup and view all the answers

In research methodology, which procedure is mainly used to gather written sources?

Document Method Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'data' refer to in the context of research?

Important details used to generate information Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines correlational research?

It examines the relationship between two major variables. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following primarily concerns the representation of a target population in a study?

Sampling Techniques Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves selecting a predefined group based on specific characteristics?

Stratified Sampling Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design focuses on structured quantitative approaches?

Descriptive Research Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of instrumentation in research methodology?

To structure the research instruments used for data collection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cluster sampling?

A geographical approach to sampling a population. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the total number of individuals in the research population?

Population Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling technique uses a pattern or sequence for selecting samples?

Systematic Sampling Signup and view all the answers

What defines primary data in research?

Data acquired directly from the source through means like interviews or surveys. Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical treatment is used to measure differences among three or more variables?

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a consent letter in a research questionnaire?

To inform respondents about the study and obtain their permission. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures the correlation between two variables?

Pearson - r Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of research does validity refer to?

The relevance and accuracy of what is being measured. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of secondary data?

It is published data that can be accessed through various media. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a research questionnaire provides clear instructions to respondents?

Directions Signup and view all the answers

What does the weighted mean measure in research?

The average responses to each research statement based on their significance. Signup and view all the answers

What does reliability refer to in the context of data results?

The consistency of data results Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a technique for data collection?

Statistical analysis Signup and view all the answers

In data organization, how is frequency typically determined?

By counting and tallying Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of tables used in data presentation?

They consist of rows and columns Signup and view all the answers

What does a bar graph primarily display?

The magnitude of frequency Signup and view all the answers

In data interpretation, what does the process include?

Explaining and restating findings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an element of a table?

Graphical representation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graph shows variations in intervals and ranges?

Histogram Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Methodology

Methodology is a systematic approach to collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from respondents.
It involves defining research designs, selecting appropriate instruments, and describing how data is gathered.
It explains how the respondents were recruited and the statistical methods used.

Parts of the Methodology

Research design: The type of quantitative research (e.g., descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental).
Sample and Sampling Techniques: Procedures for selecting a representative subset of the population (e.g., simple random, stratified, cluster, systematic).
Instrumentation: Tools used to measure variables (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, assessments).
Procedure: Steps followed during data collection.
Statistical Analysis: Methods used to analyze data (e.g., z-tests, Pearson-r, ANOVA, chi-square).

Research Design

Descriptive Research: Examines the effects of independent variables on dependent variables.
Correlational Research: Investigates the relationships between variables.
Quasi-Experimental Research: Studies the effects of programs on variables.
Experimental Research: Explores the impact of independent variables on dependent variables, often involving experimental manipulation.

Important Ideas in Research Samples

Population: The entire group of individuals being studied.
Target Population: The specific group the research aims to study within the population.
Sample: A subset of the population used in the study.
Sample Size: The number of participants in the sample.
Respondent: Individual participants in the study who provide responses.

Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling: Selection methods where every member of the population has a chance of being chosen.
- Simple Random Sampling: All members have equal chance of selection.
- Stratified Sampling: Ensures representation of different subgroups.
- Cluster Sampling: Groups (clusters) are randomly selected, and all or a sample from the selected clusters participate.
- Systematic Sampling: Selecting participants at a fixed interval from a list.
Non-Probability Sampling: Methods where not all members of the population have a chance of selection (not covered in this text).

Instrumentation

Instruments: Tools to collect information (e.g., questionnaires or interviews).
Questionnaire: Pre-determined set of questions for respondent answers.
Interview: Structured questioning to gather opinions and perspectives.
Assessment: Evaluations to measure competencies in particular fields.

Procedure

Data Collection Techniques: e.g., surveys, experiments, observation, interviews, document review.

Data

Primary Data: Information collected directly through research methods.
Secondary Data: Information gathered from existing sources (e.g., documents).

Statistical Analysis

Statistical Treatment: Methods to analyze numerical data to make conclusions.
- Parametric tests: (e.g., t-tests, ANOVA) used frequently for continuous variables
- Non-parametric tests: (e.g., chi-square) used for categorical data or when assumptions of parametric tests cannot be met.
Different Statistical tests address different research questions or data characteristics.

Research Instruments (Questionnaires)

Questionnaire: A tool to elicit responses from participants using preset questions.
Research statements: Questions in the questionnaire that guide the respondent.
Parts of a Questionnaire: Introduction, instructions, statements or questions

Data Presentation

Tables: Organize data in rows and columns for clear representation.
Graphs: Visual representations of data (e.g., bar graphs, histograms, frequency polygons).
Data Interpretation: Explanation of the results given in tables and graphs.
The data can be organized using tables, graphs allowing for easier analysis and explanation
Presentation formats (tables and graphs) should have titles, labels, and appropriate scaling.

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Description

This quiz covers the systematic approach to methodology in research, including key components like research design, sampling techniques, instrumentation, and statistical analysis. Test your knowledge on how data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in various research contexts.