Research Methodology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What describes the research mode in a study?

  • Statistical Treatment
  • Instrument of the Study
  • Respondents of the Study
  • Research Design (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative research design?

  • Case Study (correct)
  • True Experimental Design
  • Posttest only control group
  • Developmental Studies

    • What must a research instrument pass before it can be utilized in a study?

  • Pilot Testing
  • Validity and Reliability Tests (correct)
  • Respondent Analysis
  • Statistical Treatment

    • Which of the following is an example of a non-experimental design?

    <p>Comparative Studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do extraneous variables play in experimental research?

    <p>They complicate the interpretation of results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design focuses on cause-and-effect relationships?

    <p>Experimental Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study is a 'One-shot case study' categorized under?

    <p>Pre-Experimental Designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a major aspect of the research methodology?

    <p>Statistical Treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a quasi-experimental design?

    <p>Does not include a control group or random assignment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used in non-experimental research designs?

    <p>Random assignment to groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the one-group pretest-posttest design, what does the notation 01 X 02 represent?

    <p>A comparative description before and after an experimental treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of a time-series design?

    <p>Observations are periodic over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of survey studies?

    <p>They generally ask respondents to self-report.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the non-equivalent controlled group design from other designs?

    <p>It has no random assignment of subjects to groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of pre-experimental designs such as the one-shot case study?

    <p>They have little control over the research process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sample refers to a smaller collection within a larger population?

    <p>Sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the variable S represent in the sampling formula?

    <p>Sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method is characterized by dividing the population into strata based on specific criteria?

    <p>Stratified random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following sampling methods are respondents selected through handpicking?

    <p>Purposive sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling?

    <p>Some members are given priority over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard value V in the sample size formula at a 1% level of probability?

    <p>2.58</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves selecting every nth element from the population?

    <p>Systematic sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a drawback of convenience sampling?

    <p>It often results in biased samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of quota sampling?

    <p>Ensuring that specific characteristics are represented in samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is internal validity primarily concerned with?

    <p>The extent to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a threat to internal validity due to changes in subjects over time?

    <p>Maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does external validity address in research?

    <p>The extent to which results can be generalized beyond the study sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does selection bias affect research results?

    <p>By introducing variability that is unrelated to the treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unusual event occurring during a study that impacts results is known as what?

    <p>History threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the Hawthorne effect have on research subjects?

    <p>It leads to changes in subject behavior due to awareness of being observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by testing bias in research?

    <p>The influence of prior tests on participants’ recall during subsequent tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which threat to external validity can occur due to the characteristics of the researcher?

    <p>Experimenter effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a structured interview?

    <p>It follows a particular sequence with well-defined content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of semi-structured interviews?

    <p>They allow additional probing for deeper information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using an observation checklist in structured observations?

    <p>To specify expected behaviors of interest to track frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes unstructured observations from structured observations?

    <p>Unstructured observations are conducted without predefined expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies concealment in observation?

    <p>The subject remains unaware that observation is taking place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are physiological measures considered more accurate than other data collection methods?

    <p>They involve the collection of objective physical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is observation particularly beneficial in nursing research?

    <p>To observe patients' behaviors, activities, and family interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a researcher possess to effectively utilize physiological measures?

    <p>Skills and expertise in using measurement devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of using a completion type question?

    <p>To fill in missing information with precise data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scales involves respondents rating concepts using bipolar adjectives?

    <p>Semantic differential scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is essential for a good data collection instrument?

    <p>It must be able to elicit needed data concisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does construct validity assess in a research instrument?

    <p>The alignment with its theoretical construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity ensures that the instrument's questions adequately cover the research objectives?

    <p>Content validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is face validity also known as?

    <p>Logical validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of question allows respondents to provide their personal opinions on an issue?

    <p>Subjective type questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of reliability in a data collection instrument?

    <p>It must produce consistent results over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methodology

    • Research design is crucial, outlining the research approach (qualitative, quantitative, or specific types like descriptive, survey, historical, case, or experimental).
    • Respondent selection details the target population and sample frame.
    • Specific research tools (questionnaires, checklists, interview schedules, etc.) are described.
    • Instruments must be validated and reliable.
    • Statistical analysis ensures the objectivity of research findings.

    Quantitative Research Designs

    • Experimental Designs: Focus on cause-and-effect relationships.
      • True experimental: Manipulates independent variables, measures dependent variables (e.g., pretest-posttest control group design).
      • Quasi-experimental: Similar to true experimental but less control over variables.
      • Pre-experimental: Limited control.
    • Non-experimental Designs: Do not involve manipulation of variables.
      • Action studies, comparative studies, correlational studies, developmental studies, evaluation studies, meta-analysis studies, methodologic studies, needs assessment studies, survey studies.

    Threats to Validity

    • Internal Validity: Threats to the accuracy of the results within the study.
      • Selection bias: Non-random subject selection.
      • Maturation: Subject's change over time.
      • History: External events impacting results.
      • Instrumentation change: Changes in measuring instruments.
      • Mortality: Subjects dropping out of the study.
    • External Validity: Threats to the generalizability of the results outside of the study.
      • Experimenter effect: Researcher's characteristics influencing subject behavior.
      • Hawthorne effect: Subjects' artificially changing their responses due to being observed.
      • Measurement effect: Pretest influencing posttest results.
      • Testing: Subjects' prior knowledge or familiarity with the test impacting results.

    Research Design Examples

    • Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Competencies: A survey approach used here (both descriptive and correlational).
    • Other examples including sample sizes and subject/respondent details (e.g., a specific study on elementary teachers' performance in one province).

    Participants of the Study

    • Subject/respondent selection methods: probability (simple random, stratified random, cluster, systematic) and non-probability (convenience, quota, purposive).
    • Crucial details for clarifying subjects or respondents include:
      • Their characteristics/profiles
      • The total population size/characteristics
      • Sample size/characteristics.

    Data Collection Methods

    • Instruments: Describe what tool was used
    • Methods (Examples):
      • Documentary analysis
      • Interviews (types: structured, semi-structured, unstructured)
      • Observations (types: structured, unstructured)
      • Physiological measures
      • Psychological tests
      • Questionnaires (types: recognition, completion, coding, subjective, combination)

    Instrument Validity and Reliability

    • Validity: The instrument measures what it intends to measure (e.g., face, content, construct, criterion-related).
    • Reliability: The instrument is consistent in its measurements (e.g., test-retest, split-half, Kuder-Richardson).
    • The design of a good instrument.

    Planning the Collection of Data

    • The people involved in the collection process.
    • The required resources
    • Timeframes.
    • Necessary considerations for the research participants involved.

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    Essential Elements of Research Methodology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics in research methodology, including the distinction between qualitative and quantitative research designs. It emphasizes the importance of research design, respondent selection, and the validity and reliability of research instruments. Test your understanding of various experimental and non-experimental designs through this engaging quiz.

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