Research Methodology Lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

What is a key goal when selecting a research methodology in Clinical Psychology?

  • To identify the most complex methodology available
  • To ensure that the methodology is always qualitative
  • To select an appropriate methodology that aligns with the research question (correct)
  • To choose a methodology based on personal preference only

    • Which of the following is a disadvantage of qualitative research methodologies?

  • They are not suitable for gathering detailed insights
  • They do not allow for the analysis of participants' emotions
  • They often require larger sample sizes for reliability
  • They may lack generalizability across larger populations (correct)

    • Why is it important to analyze and interpret qualitative or quantitative data correctly?

  • To comply with research standards and ensure accuracy (correct)
  • To produce results that are solely for academic purposes
  • To fulfill personal biases and preferences in research
  • To minimize the need for ethical considerations in research

    • Continuous self-learning in psychological research is considered essential for which reason?

    <p>To prepare students for independent practice and professional growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key outcomes of effectively comparing different research methodologies?

    <p>To understand the unique strengths and weaknesses of each methodology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grade corresponds to a percentage of 85?

    <p>B+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established the first psychology clinic?

    <p>Lightner Witmer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design methodology does Creswell's book focus on?

    <p>Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Lightner Witmer establish the first psychology clinic?

    <p>1896 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a research proposal?

    <p>To outline the research methodology and objectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research domains is NOT typically associated with clinical psychology?

    <p>Social Psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential in the operationalization of research hypotheses?

    <p>Identifying variables matching selected instruments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a grade of 'C' in the grading distribution?

    <p>74-70 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design focuses on the comparison of different groups without random assignment?

    <p>Quasi Experimental Design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of phenomenology in qualitative research?

    <p>To understand experiences from the participants' perspective. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the development of a research instrument determines how well items measure the intended construct?

    <p>Content Validity Assessment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the independent measure design involve?

    <p>Assigning different participants to different treatment conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of correlational research?

    <p>Involves manipulation of variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In constructing a research proposal, which section outlines the importance of the study?

    <p>Introduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of item response theory in research instruments?

    <p>Examining item difficulty and discrimination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessments contributes to the final grade in the course?

    <p>Midterm Exam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes research as a systematic investigation?

    <p>It follows a logical sequence of procedures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of research emphasizes the importance of minimizing external variables?

    <p>Controlled investigation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of observation in the empirical cycle?

    <p>It sparks ideas that lead to the formation of hypotheses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures that research conclusions can be verified by others?

    <p>The procedures used must be valid and verifiable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive reasoning in the empirical cycle is used to:

    <p>Arrive at a general conclusion based on specific observations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of research?

    <p>Spontaneity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a critical attitude in the research process?

    <p>It ensures the investigation is free from biases and errors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research, what does 'empirical' refer to?

    <p>Established through direct observation or experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the induction phase involve?

    <p>Transforming specific observations into a general rule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the deduction phase, what is primarily used to derive conclusions?

    <p>Logic and rationality to formulate unbiased results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the testing phase?

    <p>To return to empirical methods and verify the hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the evaluation phase encompass?

    <p>Summarizing findings and presenting conclusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hypotheses is true?

    <p>Hypotheses are merely conjectures that need support through testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded if the tagged flowers do not change color in a different temperature environment?

    <p>Temperature does not affect the color of the flowers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does induction differ from deduction in the research process?

    <p>Induction establishes a general rule from specific cases; deduction draws specific conclusions from a general rule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the testing phase in research?

    <p>It applies statistical methods to assess the relationship proposed in the hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of unethical practices in research?

    <p>Erosion of public respect for scientific communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle focuses on ensuring fairness in research practices?

    <p>Justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered to evaluate the risk/benefit ratio of research?

    <p>Magnitude of potential benefits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'minimal risk' refer to in research?

    <p>Risk that is less than daily life activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can help protect participants from social injury during research?

    <p>Using anonymous or confidential data collection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five general principles formulated by APA for ethical conduct?

    <p>Empathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of informed consent in research?

    <p>To create a contract between researcher and participant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is institutional approval important before beginning research?

    <p>To ensure adherence to ethical standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Quantitative Research Methodologies

    Research methods focused on numerical data and statistical analysis.

    Qualitative Research Methodologies

    Research methods focused on understanding experiences and meanings.

    Research Methodology Selection

    Choosing the best research approach for a specific research question.

    Research Participants

    The individuals involved in a study.

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    Research Instruments

    Tools used to collect and measure data in a study (e.g., questionnaires, interviews).

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    Quantitative Research

    A research method that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to understand a phenomenon.

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    Qualitative Research

    A research method that focuses on understanding experiences, perspectives, and meanings through in-depth interviews or observations.

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    Experimental Research

    A type of quantitative research where a researcher manipulates a variable to observe its effect on another variable, while controlling extraneous factors.

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    Correlational Research

    A type of quantitative research that examines a relationship between two or more variables without manipulating any of them.

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    Item Analysis

    Assessment of the effectiveness of individual items in a research instrument.

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    Research Proposal

    A document outlining a research project, including its goals, methods, and expected outcomes.

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    Research Paper Critique

    Critical evaluation of a research paper, focusing on its methodology and findings.

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    Research Definition

    A systematic and controlled investigation aimed at discovering facts through careful study and analysis.

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    Methodical Aspect of Research

    Research follows a logical and organized approach.

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    Critical Attitude in Research

    Researchers must question assumptions and consider alternative explanations.

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    Rational and Empirical Investigation

    Research relies on evidence from real-world observations and logic.

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    Process of Discovery

    Research aims to uncover new knowledge and understanding.

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    Empirical Cycle

    A cyclical process of observing, hypothesizing, testing, and refining knowledge through real-world data.

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    Induction in Research

    Forming general conclusions based on specific observations.

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    Observation in Research

    The starting point of research, gathering information from the real world.

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    Clinical Psychology Research

    The study of human behavior and mental processes within a clinical context, often focusing on assessment, diagnosis, therapy, and psychopathology.

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    Lightner Witmer

    The founder of clinical psychology who established the first psychology clinic and training program in 1896.

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    Research Proposal Purpose

    A detailed plan outlining the research question, methodology, and expected outcomes of a study.

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    Research Methodologies

    Different approaches to research, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, each involving specific techniques for collecting and analysing data.

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    Research Question

    A specific inquiry that guides the research process, aiming to uncover new knowledge or address a specific problem.

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    Hypotheses

    Testable predictions about the relationship between variables, formulated before conducting a study.

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    Operationalize Research Hypotheses

    Defining abstract concepts in a research hypothesis into measurable and observable variables.

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    Induction Phase

    The process of transforming specific observations into a general rule or hypothesis. This involves drawing general conclusions from specific instances.

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    Deduction Phase

    The phase where a researcher deduces specific conclusions from a general rule or hypothesis. This involves applying a general principle to specific cases.

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    Experiment

    A controlled procedure designed to test a hypothesis by observing the effects of manipulating one or more variables.

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    Data Analysis

    The process of examining collected data to identify patterns, relationships, and trends to support or refute a hypothesis.

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    Statistical Methods

    Mathematical tools used to analyze data and draw conclusions from it.

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    Evaluation Phase

    The phase where a researcher presents their collected data, supporting arguments, and conclusions based on the research findings.

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    Support for Hypothesis

    Evidence gathered through data analysis that strengthens the credibility of the proposed explanation.

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    Ethical Principles in Research

    Five general principles that guide ethical research practices: beneficence and non-maleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people's rights and dignity.

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    Consequences of Unethical Practices

    Unethical research practices can undermine scientific process, impede knowledge advancement, erode public trust, and lead to legal/financial penalties.

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    Ethical Considerations Before Research

    Planning carefully and consulting with appropriate individuals and groups is crucial to avoid ethical problems in research.

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    Risk/Benefit Ratio in Research

    A careful evaluation of potential risks and benefits associated with research. The benefits should outweigh the risks.

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    Factors Affecting Risk/Benefit Decision

    Nature of the risk, magnitude of the benefit, and scientific value of the research all influence the risk/benefit decision.

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    Types of Potential Risks in Research

    Potential risks in research can be physical injury, social injury, and mental/emotional stress.

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    Minimal Risk in Research

    The harm or discomfort participants experience is no greater than they might experience in their daily lives or during routine tests.

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    Informed Consent in Research

    A social contract between researcher and participant, ensuring participants understand the research and willingly agree to participate.

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    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course Title: Research Methodology
    • Course Code: MCPY 815
    • Lecture 1: Scientific and Ethical Foundations of Research

    Course Outline

    • Orientation of Course
    • Activities
    • Scientific and Ethical Foundations of Research

    Course Description

    • Advances a framework, process and compositional approaches for designing research proposals for qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods in clinical psychology
    • Covers philosophical assumptions for qualitative and quantitative research methods
    • Reviews literature and assesses usage of theory in research approaches
    • Reflects on writing and ethics in clinical psychology
    • Includes key elements of research process (introduction, research questions, hypotheses, methods and procedures for data collection and analysis) in clinical settings

    Objectives

    • Provide knowledge and understanding of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies
    • Encourage identification of a chosen methodology for student's research project
    • Establish significance of theoretical background in research as grounded theory
    • Identify and formulate appropriate qualitative research questions and interview questions
    • Utilize different types of probes to gather insightful qualitative data (interviews and focus groups)
    • Use different styles of presenting qualitative research results and consider how qualitative data is used in practice
    • Apply different styles of presenting quantitative research results and consider how quantitative data is used in practice

    Course Learning Outcomes (CLOS)

    • Knowledge and Understanding: Identify concepts related to different quantitative and qualitative research methodologies (K1)
    • Skills: Compare benefits and disadvantages of different research methodologies in Clinical Psychology (S1), Select appropriate research methodology, participants, variables, instruments, and analyses to answer the research question according to international standards (S2), Design appropriate research methodology in a professional manner (S3), Analyze and interpret data related to research methodology (qualitative or quantitative) while applying statistical analyses (S4)
    • Values: Comply with the standard practice regulation and commitment to the professional Ethics for conducting research (V1), Continuous self-learning of psychological research to prepare students for independent practice and professional growth (V2)

    Course Content & Timetable

    • Information about scientific and ethical foundations of research is included
    • Quantitative research: experimental, correlational, observational, survey, and case study methods are presented.
    • Qualitative research includes content analysis, phenomenology, and grounded theory.
    • Discussion on different research designs (including experimental, quasi-experimental, and factorial designs, independent and repeated measure designs, pre-posttest design, before-after design with control group, and two-way blind design).
    • Discusses instrument development. This includes methods of analysis, theory and hypothesis evaluation, and guidelines on writing a research proposal and report for research in psychotherapy following APA format.
    • Includes scheduled assessments for the course such as midterm exam, writing research proposals, research paper critiques, and a final exam.
    • Provides details about the percentage and week that each assignment is due for.

    Research and Clinical Psychology

    • Clinical psychology has a rich history of empirical research across domains (assessment, diagnosis, psychotherapy, experimental psychopathology).
    • Lightner Witmer established the first psychology clinic and training program.

    Definition of Research

    • A search or investigation aimed at discovering facts through careful study of a subject.
    • A course of critical or scientific inquiry, involving methodological aspects, a critical and detached attitude, rational and empirical investigation, and the process of discovery.
    • Defined as systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical statements on presumed relationships among phenomena.

    Characteristics of Research

    • Controlled: Minimizing effects of other variables in social sciences
    • Rigorous: Procedures are relevant, appropriate, and justified
    • Systematic: Procedures are in logical sequence
    • Valid/Verifiable: Conclusions are correct and can be verified by others
    • Empirical: Conclusions based on evidence gathered from observation
    • Critical: Investigation must be free from drawbacks

    Empirical Cycle

    • Method for acquiring knowledge using observations to develop a hypothesis
    • Hypotheses lead to logical predictions empirically tested through further observations
    • New observations lead to new hypotheses, continuing the cycle

    Observation

    • The starting point of research, sparking an idea for a hypothesis
    • Can be personal observations, experiences, or previous research findings.
    • Empirical data is gathered using observation.

    Induction

    • Inductive reasoning transforms specific observed relations into a general rule or hypothesis.
    • Specific instances or examples guide to a general conclusion.

    Deduction

    • The explicit expectation or prediction from a hypothesis in specific cases.
    • Based on logic and rationality for drawing conclusions from an experiment.

    Testing

    • Empirical methods used to test the hypothesis.
    • Statistical methods used to make sense of data and evaluate the relationship between variables (e.g., temperature and bloom color).

    Evaluation

    • Important for continuing to gain knowledge on a subject.
    • Researcher presents data, argument for support and conclusions, while stating experiment limitations and suggesting further research.

    Research Steps

    • Steps involved in conducting research: Find a research idea, refine, form a hypothesis, define and measure variables, identify participants, select research strategy, select a research design, conduct and collect data, refine or reformulate research idea, report results, evaluate data.

    Ethical Issues

    • Informed consent: Participants must be fully informed before agreeing to participate. This includes a clear description of the research procedure, purpose, and potential risks, and questions being answered.
    • Avoidance of harm: Direct harm (e.g., stress, humiliation) and risks to participants should be considered in light of the benefits for knowledge development in humanity.
    • Privacy and confidentiality: Individuals' privacy must be respected, along with the secure storage of personal information.
    • Research review: Research should be reviewed by external researchers to assure ethical considerations.

    Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

    • Psychologists are committed to ethical conduct, encouraging others in the research process to act ethically. Students, supervisees and employees should be encouraged to behave ethically and consult with others to resolve conflicts concerning ethical problems during the study.

    Ethical principles and codes

    • Guidelines for scientific conduct (e.g., beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respect for rights and dignity) formulated by the American Psychological Association (APA)

    Consequences of Unethical Practices

    • Unethical practices undermine the scientific process, impede knowledge advancement, and erode public trust and confidence. Ethical misconducts can carry legal and financial penalties.

    Ethical Concerns Before Research Starts

    • Ethical concerns need to be considered prior to the commencement of research
    • Researchers need approval from an appropriate board

    Determining Risk

    • Factors affecting decision-making regarding risk and benefits of research are the nature of risk, magnitude of benefit, and scientific value

    Minimal Risk

    • Harm or discomfort experienced during research is not greater than daily life experiences.
    • Includes considerations of physical, mental, and emotional risks and a participant's everyday activity.

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    Research Methodology MCPY 815 Lecture 1 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the scientific and ethical foundations of research methodologies, focusing on both qualitative and quantitative approaches within clinical psychology. It aims to enhance understanding of the research process, theoretical usage, and ethical considerations in designing research proposals. Test your knowledge on the key elements that shape effective research in clinical settings.

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