Research Methodology: Key Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is a key feature of classical conditioning?

Reinforcing behavior through rewards

Associating emotions with physical pain

Increasing response to repeated exposure

Creating a response to a neutral stimulus (correct)

What does the Need to Belong Theory suggest about human behavior?

Social relationships are primarily motivated by external validation.

Positive interactions stem from a learned behavior of rewards.

Humans inherently seek relationships for social connection. (correct)

Humans avoid social interactions to enhance personal development.

Which of the following best describes the Overjustification Effect?

Increased intrinsic motivation due to external rewards

Enhanced performance due to personal satisfaction

Retention of intrinsic motivation despite external awards

Decreased enjoyment in an activity when rewarded externally (correct)

What is the initial component of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Adrenaline rush during acute stress Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves managing emotional responses rather than the stressor itself?

Emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

What distinction does the Drive Reduction Theory make in terms of motivation?

Motivation is based on biological needs rather than social connections. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

In stress management, what is the goal of coping strategies?

To reduce the effects of stress on individuals Signup and view all the answers

In the context of eustress and distress, which scenario exemplifies eustress?

Preparing for a significant sporting event Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation is characterized by personal enjoyment in an activity?

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the theory that humans are driven by a need for social connections?

Need to Belong Theory Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves gradually exposing a person to a phobia to decrease their fear?

Systematic Desensitization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the Diathesis-Stress Model?

It suggests that environmental stressors can trigger genetic predispositions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Two-Factor Theory of emotion?

Emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the overjustification effect suggest about motivation?

Extrinsic rewards can diminish intrinsic motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome occurs after the initial alarm reaction?

Resistance Signup and view all the answers

What does the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion propose?

Emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that people infer their internal attitudes by observing their own behavior?

Self-Perception Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does positive reappraisal involve?

Reframing a negative situation positively. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by homeostasis?

The regulation of internal balance during stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that mental disorders may develop when predisposition meets stress?

Diathesis-Stress Model Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the DSM-5 some professionals hold?

It is too inclusive in categorizing mental disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Episodes of low mood and lack of motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement concerning Bipolar II Disorder is accurate?

It involves periods of low mood and hypomanic episodes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of operationalizing variables in research?

It ensures clear quantification of abstract concepts. Signup and view all the answers

Which method enhances long-term memory retention during self-testing?

Delayed feedback on answers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of quasi-independent variables?

They cannot be directly manipulated by researchers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a strategy to control demand characteristics in a research study?

Using unrelated measures and tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What does the encoding specificity principle suggest about memory retrieval?

Matching retrieval conditions to encoding conditions improves memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with enhancing encoding specificity?

Random guessing Signup and view all the answers

What primary issue is associated with self-report data?

Participants may not respond truthfully Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using generation as a study strategy?

To create or teach content to reinforce learning Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using opportunity sampling in case studies?

It focuses on pre-identified unique individuals Signup and view all the answers

How does multitasking affect memory retention during learning?

It reduces learning efficiency and retention Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is effective in controlling demand characteristics in studies?

Including unrelated measures to distract participants Signup and view all the answers

What function is primarily regulated by the medulla?

Essential survival functions Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where there is a heightened response to a stimulus after repeated exposure?

Sensitization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Law of Effect in operant conditioning?

Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of escape learning in operant conditioning?

Using an umbrella to avoid getting wet. Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A neutral stimulus that triggers a response after conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy technique involves confronting a feared object to reduce avoidance behavior?

Implosive Therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the ability to distinguish between different stimuli?

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of systematic desensitization in therapy?

To gradually expose individuals to their feared situations. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, which type of reinforcement involves providing a reward for desired behavior?

Reward Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes a response that is learned due to a previously neutral stimulus?

Conditioned Response (CR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between eustress and distress?

Eustress enhances performance, while distress leads to negative outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of intrinsic motivation?

Playing piano simply for personal enjoyment. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of escape learning?

A student studies to avoid failing. Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in social interactions?

They help us imitate actions or emotions of others. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Overjustification Effect have on motivation?

It decreases intrinsic motivation due to external rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of systematic desensitization compared to implosive therapy?

Systematic desensitization is more commonly used. Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves actively managing emotional responses?

Emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

How does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs differ from Drive Reduction Theory in understanding motivation?

Maslow's theory covers a wider spectrum of unmet needs beyond biological aspects. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term sensitization refer to in behavioral responses?

An increased response to repeated exposure. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies the concept of loss of self-consciousness?

An athlete feels fully engaged while playing their sport. Signup and view all the answers

What defines positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Unusual experiences like delusions or hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

How is Generalized Anxiety Disorder notable in terms of gender prevalence?

It is more common in females than males Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of comorbidity?

The presence of multiple disorders complicating treatment Signup and view all the answers

What role do confounding variables play in research methods?

They unintentionally affect the dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of elaboration strategies in learning and memory?

To create connections to personal experiences for better understanding Signup and view all the answers

Which component of working memory is responsible for verbal information?

Phonological loop Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation and depression?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What does proactive interference refer to in memory processes?

Old information hindering the learning of new information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?

Language and logical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol in the endocrine system?

Governing stress responses within the body Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Importance of Operationalizing Variables

Ensures abstract concepts are clearly quantified.
Allows for consistent measurement and understanding of variables.
Operational definitions help minimize ethical concerns by reducing ambiguity in study design.
While operational definitions enhance clarity and consistent measurement, ethical concerns are more directly managed through consent, privacy, and approval processes.

Self-Testing and Feedback

Referring to notes after every question during self-testing is detrimental.
Instant feedback weakens memory connections.
Delayed feedback enhances long-term memory.
Self-testing without frequent note-checking strengthens retrieval and learning.
Research suggests that feedback, whether immediate or delayed, is generally beneficial, though delayed feedback may better reinforce long-term retention in some cases.

Quasi-Independent Variables

Variables that cannot be manipulated (e.g., intelligence).
Differ from independent variables, which researchers can manipulate.
Examples: intelligence, drug dosage.
Quasi-independent variables (e.g., intelligence) are sometimes operationalized and manipulated through training programs.

Feedback Timing and Memory

Instant feedback during learning can harm long-term memory retrieval.
Delayed feedback promotes better retention and deeper learning.
Immediate feedback in a memory task is less effective for retention than spaced or delayed feedback.
Delayed feedback may consolidate memory better in certain situations.

Encoding Specificity

Learning context impacts retrieval efficiency.
Factors like environment, emotional state, or physical conditions enhance encoding specificity.
Examples include a student wearing the same perfume during study and test sessions retrieving learned material more effectively.
Accurate, but the example could be expanded to highlight additional contexts.

Controlling Demand Characteristics

Strategies to prevent participants from guessing the study's hypothesis:
Include unrelated measures (e.g., religious beliefs) to distract from the hypothesis.
Ensure operational variables are measurable but avoid revealing the study's intent.
Anonymity alone does not deter hypothesis guessing.
Anonymity alone does not eliminate demand characteristics completely, though including unrelated measures might distract but it doesn't entirely eliminate demand characteristics.

Study Strategies Using Generation

The method of generation involves creating or teaching content to solidify learning (e.g., teaching a concept to a friend).
Non-example: Highlighting key terms or watching lectures passively.

Case Studies and Sampling

Case studies focus on one individual.
Opportunity sampling can be used to recruit participants, but the sample size remains one.
Suitable for in-depth exploration of unique phenomena (e.g., a musician's emotional expression).
Opportunity sampling for case studies is uncommon, as these studies usually focus on pre-identified unique individuals or phenomena.

Issues with Self-Report Data

Common problems include bias:
Participants may not respond truthfully.
Self-reports are prone to inaccuracies or social desirability effects.
Other challenges: Lack of control and limited causal inference.

Selective Attention

Multitasking reduces learning efficiency and memory retention.
Focused attention is critical for effective learning and comprehension.

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Description

This quiz explores essential concepts in research methodology, focusing on the importance of operationalizing variables, self-testing techniques, and the nature of quasi-independent variables. Understand how these elements contribute to effective study designs and their implications for ethical research practices.