Research Methodology in Sampling

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Questions and Answers

Population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and characteristics under ______.

consideration

Sampling is a systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed in the ______ study.

research

A sample size reflecting 95% distribution of the population is highly ______.

probable

The target population includes those that are ______ to the researcher's focus.

<p>relevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Probability sampling uses a random ______ to select participants.

<p>selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive research may require a sample size of ______% to 20%.

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Slovin’s Formula is a common formula for the computation of an acceptable ______ size.

<p>sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

A literature review involves reading similar or ______ literature and studies.

<p>related</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-probability sampling involves a purposive or controlled ______.

<p>selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Statistical power refers to the probability of rejecting the null ______.

<p>hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stratified sampling groups respondents according to a particular ______.

<p>characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

In probability sampling, selection of respondents is based on pure ______.

<p>chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cluster sampling groups respondents according to geographic ______.

<p>closeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The accuracy of a sample depends on the precision of your ______.

<p>methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effect size measures the level of difference between the experimental group and the control ______.

<p>group</p> Signup and view all the answers

With simple random sampling, the chosen element is placed back into the ______.

<p>fishbowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-probability sampling methods are susceptible to ______.

<p>bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stage sampling, samples are taken from ______ until the desired size is achieved.

<p>samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Population

The complete group of objects, people, or characteristics being studied.

Sample

A smaller group selected from the larger population for research.

Sampling

The process of selecting a sample from a larger population.

Probability Sampling

Sampling technique using random selection.

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Sample Size

The number of subjects or participants in a sample.

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Target Population

The specific group of people or items a study intends to generalize its findings to.

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Accessible Population

The segment of the target population that is realistically available for the study.

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Descriptive Research

Research that describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

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Non-probability Sampling

A sampling method where participants are not chosen randomly but purposefully or based on specific criteria. This method is susceptible to bias.

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Simple Random Sampling

A probability sampling method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Often involves a random number generator or equivalent.

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Stratified Sampling

Probability sampling that divides the population into subgroups (strata) based on a shared characteristic, then randomly samples from each.

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Cluster Sampling

Dividing the population into groups (clusters), then randomly selecting some clusters to sample.

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Effect Size

The magnitude of the difference between the experimental and control groups.

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Power of Analysis

The probability of correctly identifying an effect if one indeed exists in the population.

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Heterogeneity of Population

A population made up of individuals with varied abilities and characteristics, showing considerable differences.

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Quota Sampling

A non-probability sampling method where the researcher aims for a sample mirroring the population's characteristics.

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Purposive Sampling

Non-probability sampling where participants are hand-picked for specific traits relevant to the study.

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Study Notes

Population

  • Entire group of objects, elements, people, or characteristics being studied
  • All members share common characteristics relevant to the research
  • Researchers aim to understand these shared characteristics

Sample Selection

  • Approaches: Choosing a smaller group (sample) from the larger population (all members)
  • Time & Cost: Dealing with the whole population is time-consuming and expensive
  • Descriptive & Comparative Research: Need to consider sample size and participant numbers

Types of Populations

  • Target Population: The entire group the researcher wants to study
  • Accessible Population: The portion of the target population the researcher can access and study

Sampling

  • Systematic Process: Methodically selecting the group to be studied
  • Reflects the characteristics of the bigger population in a manageable way

Sample Size

  • 95% Distribution: Ideally, the sample size should accurately represent 95% of the population.
  • High Probability: Ensuring a sample accurately represents the broader population.

Sampling Techniques

  • Probability Sampling: Choosing participants at random
    • Random Selection: Participants have an equal chance of being in the sample
    • Purposive or Controlled Selection: Participants are carefully chosen to represent specific characteristics
  • Non-Probability Sampling: Participants are selected based on specific characteristics or traits
    • Examples: Quota sampling, Voluntary sampling, Purposive sampling, Snowball sampling

Literature Review

  • Purpose: Reviewing relevant previous research to inform current research
  • Significance: Understands how the current research relates to previous studies in the field

Formulas

  • Sample Size Calculation: Established methods (like Slovin's formula) for determining a suitable sample size.
  • Power Analysis: Using established principals to make sure that the study will return results, and a particular method used to test the reliability of the study's results.

Statistical Techniques

  • Statistical Power: Measuring the study's ability to detect an effect (i.e., relationship)
  • Effect Size: Assessing the strength or magnitude of an observed relationship
  • Hypothesis Testing: Testing if there's a meaningful relationship between an independent and a dependent variable in the given context

Stratified Sampling

  • Group participants based on shared traits to ensure a proportionate representation of those traits in the sample
  • Groups would need to have similar/similarly described characteristics

Cluster Sampling

  • Divide respondents into groups (clusters) using characteristics
  • Can select entire clusters or random subsets from clusters
  • Used when studying large areas or specific groups

Simple Random Sampling

  • Every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample
  • A common and useful technique for selecting a sample at random from a population

Stage Sampling

  • Involves selecting participants in stages
  • Each stage may require a certain sample to be selected from the previous chosen group
  • Useful when accessing very large populations or samples that may require different levels of data collection across groups

Non-Probability Sampling

  • Characteristics: Deliberately choosing participants based on their characteristics or traits
  • Some methods: Purposive sampling, Quota sampling, Voluntary sampling, Snowball sampling.

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