Research Methodologies Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does descriptive research primarily provide?

  • A broad picture of existing phenomena (correct)
  • Causal relationships between variables
  • Statistical analysis of past data
  • Historical accounts of events

Which type of research aims to establish causal relationships?

  • Correlational research
  • Experimental research (correct)
  • Historical research
  • Descriptive research

In correlational research, what is primarily assessed?

  • Comparison of research variables
  • Commonalities between multiple events (correct)
  • Causation between events
  • Descriptions of new phenomena

Historical research can best be defined as research that:

<p>Describes past events in context with others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the purpose of true experimental research?

<p>Assigning participants to groups to study treatment effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of quasi-experimental research?

<p>Absence of control groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about correlations in research?

<p>They can help predict relationships between events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data sources does historical research involve?

<p>Primary and secondary resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a case study primarily focused on?

<p>An in-depth analysis of a single phenomenon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research method typically employs structured questionnaires?

<p>Survey (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the basic principles of ethical research regarding participants?

<p>Protect participants from physical or psychological harm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which field does literature analysis play a significant role?

<p>Defining future directions of research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does informed consent in research entail?

<p>Participants must understand what is involved in the research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes qualitative research methods?

<p>Utilizes case studies and personal experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meta-analysis?

<p>To synthesize findings from multiple studies into a broader understanding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered plagiarism in academic work?

<p>Presenting someone else's ideas as your own without proper attribution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions can lead to being accused of plagiarism?

<p>Using a paraphrase of someone's work without citation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ERP systems is true?

<p>Implementation experiences of ERP systems differ across organizations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When conducting research involving children, what is a necessary ethical consideration?

<p>Gain permission from parents or guardians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes qualitative data analysis from quantitative analysis?

<p>Qualitative analysis focuses on subjective experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers do if a treatment might be harmful?

<p>Look for populations that have already been affected naturally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common output of surveys conducted in research?

<p>Statistical data from structured responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding regarding cheating in high schools?

<p>A high percentage of students have admitted to serious test cheating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers ensure about the data collected from participants?

<p>Individual results should not be reported to maintain privacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an informed consent letter in research?

<p>To provide participants with essential information about the research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the informed consent letter regarding potential risks?

<p>General potential harm or discomfort to participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?

<p>To assess potential harm to research participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior does the research aim to increase understanding of?

<p>How and why we behave the way we do (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential concern even in computer science research that involves behavioral aspects?

<p>Psychological impacts on participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of an informed consent letter?

<p>Marketing strategies for the research findings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers provide participants to ensure confidentiality?

<p>A mechanism to keep their data confidential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may need to happen if research involves children?

<p>Parents must sign the consent letter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should quotations be used in research?

<p>To lend authority to your argument or disagree with an author (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does paraphrasing entail?

<p>Reworking an author's ideas into your own words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for summarizing content?

<p>To highlight the main ideas and provide an overview (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about citations is true?

<p>You should site every paraphrase and summary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when integrating quotations into your writing?

<p>Overusing quotations instead of maintaining your voice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suitable situation to use summarizing?

<p>When needing a broad overview of several sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to incorporate a blend of different source materials?

<p>To enhance the effectiveness and credibility of your argument (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of a summary compared to paraphrasing?

<p>Summaries contain only the main points and are shorter than original texts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of quantitative research methods?

<p>Gathering objective data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of qualitative research methods?

<p>Content analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is primarily collected during qualitative research?

<p>Personal feelings and opinions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant socio-economic benefit of mobile phones in Pakistan mentioned in the context?

<p>Facilitating interaction among students and teachers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic that distinguishes qualitative research methods?

<p>Reliance on verbal and visual data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the deregulation of the market impacted the ICT sector in Pakistan?

<p>Growth in the use of mobile phones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically used in qualitative research?

<p>Statistical surveys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of data collection in qualitative research?

<p>Written or spoken narratives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Descriptive Research

Describes characteristics of existing phenomena. It provides a general overview of a situation.

Historical Research

Studies past events in relation to other past or present events. It uses primary and secondary sources.

Correlational Research

Looks for relationships between variables to see if knowing one variable helps predict another, but doesn't prove cause and effect.

Experimental Research

Aims to discover cause-and-effect relationships by conducting experiments.

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True Experimental Research

Researcher assigns participants to groups and controls the treatment variable, aiming to isolate cause-and-effect.

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Quasi-Experimental Research

Similar to true experimental, but not as strict in controlling variables.

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Non-experimental Research

Studies relationships between variables, but does not test cause-and-effect.

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Variables

Characteristics in a phenomena or experiment that can be measured or manipulated.

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Informed Consent

A crucial document outlining research details and participant rights.

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Consent Letter Contents

Includes research purpose, researcher details, process, duration, withdrawal, benefits/risks, confidentiality, and contact information.

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Confidentiality

Protecting participant data and results; keeping them private.

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Debriefing

Explaining the research after it's done, especially in hidden studies.

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A body that evaluates research for ethical issues.

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Research Purpose

The reason for conducting the research; understanding behavior.

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Behavioral Research

Study of human behavior and technology use.

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Ethical Considerations

Important factors to weigh, like potential harm to participants.

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Ethical Research

Research conducted with respect for participants' well-being and rights.

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Informed Consent

Participants must understand and agree to participate in research.

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Plagiarism

Presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own.

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Preventing Harm

Taking necessary steps to avoid physical or psychological distress of participants.

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Protecting Confidentiality

Keeping participant information private.

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Computer Simulation

Using computers to model and test research ideas, especially when harmful treatment is involved.

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Avoid Cheating

Being honest and avoiding dishonest activities like plagiarism during schoolwork or research.

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Study Review

Having the research design reviewed before conducting research.

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Quoting

Using an author's exact words, word-for-word, with quotation marks.

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Paraphrasing

Restating an author's ideas in your own words, keeping the original meaning.

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Summarizing

Briefly stating the key points of a text in your own words.

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Quoting when?

To add author's power, disagree, highlight strong points, show prior research.

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Paraphrasing when?

Avoid plagiarism when using info on notecards, using your voice, avoid overusing quotes.

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Summarizing when?

Providing background, overviewing a topic, describing knowledge, or main idea(s).

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Citation Importance

Giving credit to the original author(s) by referencing your sources.

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Blending Sources

Using a mixture of different sources while maintaining your own voice.

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Literature Analysis

Research method analyzing previous studies to understand existing knowledge and identify open questions.

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Case Study

Research focused on a single event, organization, or person, providing in-depth analysis to understand causes of success or failure.

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Quantitative Data Analysis

Analyzing numerical data from surveys or experiments to find patterns, using numbers and statistics.

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Qualitative Data Analysis

Analyzing non-numerical data, often observational, to understand meanings and viewpoints.

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Survey Research

Gathering data using structured questionnaires on specific issues/topics to gain quantified feedback from many individuals.

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Meta-Analysis

Combines results of multiple studies to analyze a broader research question. Uses existing studies as data points.

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Open Question

A question requiring a more extensive or detailed answer rather than a simple yes/no or rating.

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Trivial Question

A question with an answer already widely known or easily answered within a specific field of study.

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Quantitative Research

Research focused on collecting objective data, typically using numbers.

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Qualitative Research

Research focused on collecting subjective data, often using words, images, or observations.

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Objective Data

Data that is not influenced by personal opinions or feelings, factual and measurable.

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Subjective Data

Data that reflects personal opinions, beliefs, or feelings.

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Research Methods (Quantitative)

Methods used in quantitative research like surveys, experiments, and simulations to gather numerical data.

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Research Methods (Qualitative)

Methods used in qualitative research like interviews, case studies, and observations for gathering descriptive information.

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ICT's Socio-economic Impact

The effect of information and communication Technologies on socioeconomic factors.

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Mobile Phone's Role in Pakistan

Mobile phones' impact on communication, education, and socio-economic interactions in Pakistan.

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Study Notes

Lecture 01: What is Research?

  • Research is studious inquiry, investigation, or examination aimed at discovering and interpreting facts, revising theories, or applying laws.
  • Research is a process of discovering new knowledge.
  • Research increases the reliability of findings, tests theories, determines relationships, and extends the scope of studies.
  • Research is crucial for publication.
  • Peer review is a process where others in the field assess the significance and validity of a research project.
  • Conference papers are easier to publish than journal papers.

Lecture 02: Applied vs. Basic Research

  • Applied research has immediate applications (e.g., new technologies, better systems).
  • Basic research involves theoretical development (e.g., algorithms, formulas).
  • Descriptive research describes characteristics of existing phenomena (e.g., survey of programmers).
  • Historical research describes past events (e.g., influence of a board on exports).
  • Correlational research explores relationships between variables (e.g., experience and productivity).
  • Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect relationships (true experimental and quasi-experimental).
    • True experimental: Researchers control treatment variable and potential causes.
    • Quasi-experimental: Researchers cannot fully control assignment to groups.

Lecture 03: Choosing a Publication Outlet

  • Journals are the most prestigious publication outlets due to peer review.
  • Journals typically have a significant lead time (time before publication).
  • Journals have low acceptance rates.
  • Book chapters and books are less prestigious but have a different review process.
  • Conferences offer rapid publication but with less prestige.
  • Journal rankings, like the ISI impact factor, are a measure of prestige.

Lecture 04: Research Ethics

  • Ethics are moral principles.
  • Unethical research behaviours include fraud, misrepresentation, and laziness (e.g., the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, radiation experiments).
  • Researchers should prioritize participant safety and confidentiality.

Lecture 05: Variables in Research

  • Variables are outcomes that can take on different values (e.g., male/female, high school).
  • Dependent variables are the outcomes or effects of a treatment.
  • Independent variables are the treatments or conditions controlled by researchers.
  • Control variables are factors that influence dependent variables.
  • Extraneous variables are unpredictable variables influencing dependent variables.
  • Moderator variables are related to both dependent and independent variables and have an impact.
  • Hypothesis formation is based on observations; a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a research question.
  • There are different types of hypotheses, including Research and Null, which are statements of inequality or equality (respectively).

Lecture 06: Research Methodologies (in Information Systems)

  • Speculation and Commentary: Research driven by opinions and lack of empirical evidence.
  • Framework and Conceptual Models: Developing models to explain relationships of variables.
  • Library Research: Reviewing existing literature to expand knowledge.
  • Literature Analysis: Summarizing and extending existing research.
  • Meta-analysis: Analyzing multiple studies on a single topic.
  • Case Studies: Deep analysis of a specific phenomenon (individuals, organizations).
  • Surveys: Gathering data from a large number of respondents.
  • Field Studies: Research conducted within natural settings (e.g., workplace).
  • Field Experiments: Research manipulating variables in natural settings.
  • Lab Experiments: Research conducted in controlled settings.
  • Design Science Research: Developing or evaluating technological artifacts.
  • Qualitative Research: Understanding people and culture.
  • Secondary Data Research: Utilizing existing data sources.

Lecture 07: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

  • Quantitative research focuses on objective data.
  • Qualitative research focuses on subjective information.
  • Research methods include surveys, experiments, simulations, and others.

Lecture 08: Summary of Research Methods

  • Review of key concepts and methods discussed throughout the course.
  • Review of different research types.

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Lecture 01: Research Methods PDF

Description

Test your understanding of various research methodologies in this quiz. From descriptive to experimental research, assess your knowledge about the characteristics and purposes of each type. This quiz is suitable for students learning about research methods in psychology or social sciences.

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