Podcast
Questions and Answers
A researcher aims to measure anxiety levels using a new questionnaire. If the questionnaire consistently produces similar scores for the same individual over repeated administrations, but the scores don't align with established anxiety measures, what can be concluded?
A researcher aims to measure anxiety levels using a new questionnaire. If the questionnaire consistently produces similar scores for the same individual over repeated administrations, but the scores don't align with established anxiety measures, what can be concluded?
- The questionnaire is valid but lacks reliability.
- The questionnaire lacks both reliability and validity.
- The questionnaire is both reliable and valid.
- The questionnaire is reliable but lacks validity. (correct)
A study examines the effect of a new teaching method (independent variable) on student test scores (dependent variable). However, it's discovered that students using the new method also had access to additional tutoring sessions not available to the control group. What type of variable does the tutoring represent?
A study examines the effect of a new teaching method (independent variable) on student test scores (dependent variable). However, it's discovered that students using the new method also had access to additional tutoring sessions not available to the control group. What type of variable does the tutoring represent?
- Intervening Variable
- Confounding Variable (correct)
- Independent Variable
- Dependent Variable
A researcher intends to study the effects of a stressful situation on participants' heart rate. To ensure the study adheres to the APA ethical guidelines, which action is most critical?
A researcher intends to study the effects of a stressful situation on participants' heart rate. To ensure the study adheres to the APA ethical guidelines, which action is most critical?
- Guaranteeing complete anonymity of participant data throughout the study.
- Obtaining informed consent from participants, including outlining potential risks and their right to withdraw. (correct)
- Compensating participants financially based on the level of stress they experience.
- Providing participants with a detailed explanation of the experimental hypothesis before they begin.
Which of the following best exemplifies the principle of parsimony in the context of scientific theories?
Which of the following best exemplifies the principle of parsimony in the context of scientific theories?
A researcher wants to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. They manipulate the amount of sleep participants get (0, 4, or 8 hours) and measure their scores on a standardized cognitive test. Which of the following is the independent variable?
A researcher wants to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. They manipulate the amount of sleep participants get (0, 4, or 8 hours) and measure their scores on a standardized cognitive test. Which of the following is the independent variable?
Before conducting a study on the effectiveness of a new therapy for social anxiety, a researcher conducts a thorough literature review. What is the MOST important reason for conducting this review?
Before conducting a study on the effectiveness of a new therapy for social anxiety, a researcher conducts a thorough literature review. What is the MOST important reason for conducting this review?
In an experiment, researchers find statistically significant results but later realize that the sample was not representative of the population they intended to study. What type of risk is MOST likely to arise from this situation?
In an experiment, researchers find statistically significant results but later realize that the sample was not representative of the population they intended to study. What type of risk is MOST likely to arise from this situation?
A researcher is designing a study to investigate the relationship between exercise and mood. Which approach exemplifies an idiographic research strategy?
A researcher is designing a study to investigate the relationship between exercise and mood. Which approach exemplifies an idiographic research strategy?
Flashcards
Precision
Precision
Division into smaller units of measurement; more detailed groupings.
Accuracy
Accuracy
How close a measurement is to the true or correct value.
Independent Variable (IV)
Independent Variable (IV)
Variable manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variable (DV)
Dependent Variable (DV)
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Reliability
Reliability
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Validity
Validity
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Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Principle
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Principle
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Idiothetic Research
Idiothetic Research
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Study Notes
- Study notes on key concepts in research.
Precision vs. Accuracy
- Precision refers to the fineness of measurement, categorizing data into detailed groups.
- Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the true or correct value.
Types of Risk in Experiments
- Social risk is most likely to occur after the experiment concludes.
- Other risks are detailed in Chapter 3 slides.
Literature Review
- Literature reviews help researchers identify existing research.
- They also help researchers to avoid duplication and helps to build on prior knowledge.
- It can refine research questions.
Variables in Research
- Independent Variable (IV) is manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable (DV) is the outcome measured.
- Intervening Variable explains the relationship between IV and DV.
- Confounding Variable affects both IV and DV, skewing results.
Deception in Research
- Researchers must explain deception used during debriefing.
- Researchers must remove any potential harmful effects of deception.
Reliability vs. Validity
- Reliability is the consistency of results when a test is repeated.
- Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
APA Ethics Code
- Defines ethical principles for psychological research.
APA Principle of Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
- “Do no harm.”
Good Research Question
- Must be scientifically important and have a broad scope.
- Should have likely beneficial outcomes and interest from other scientists
Idiothetic vs. Nomothetic Research
- Idiothetic focuses on individuals.
- Nomothetic focuses on general principles across individuals.
Operational Definitions
- Allows scientists to replicate an experiment.
Original Source in Psychology
- The first published journal article to introduce an idea or data.
Parsimony in Theories
- A good theory should be concise but comprehensive in explanation.
Informed Consent
- A continual process, not a one-time act.
Research Goals
- Description: Observing and summarizing behaviors.
- Prediction: Identifying relationships between variables.
- Explanation: Determining cause-and-effect through experiments.
- Application: Using research findings to solve real-world problems.
Falsifiability in Theories
- A scientific theory must be falsifiable (testable and potentially disprovable).
Moral Context of Psychological Studies
- Researchers must adhere to APA Ethical Principles for ethical integrity.
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Description
Key concepts in research including precision vs accuracy, types of risks in experiments, how to do literature reviews, identifying variables and deception in research. Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher, while dependent variable. An intervening variable explains the relationship between IV and DV.
