Research Exam 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What effect does a cancer diagnosis have on a teenager's emotional well-being?

It can cause increased anxiety, depression, and changes in mood.

What is the dependent variable in the study: Among patients undergoing abdominal surgery, does a relaxation intervention reduce pain levels?

  • Type of surgery
  • Relaxation intervention
  • Pain levels (correct)
  • Patient age

    • What is the dependent variable in the study: Among nurses on medical-surgical units, are lower amounts of daily sleep associated with a higher incidence of medication errors?

  • Nurse experience
  • Medication errors (correct)
  • Daily sleep amounts
  • Patient outcomes

    • What is the independent variable in the study: In school-age children with asthma, is anger a trigger for an asthmatic attack?

    <p>Anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in the study: Do male vs female schizophrenics differ with regard to medication compliance?

    <p>Medication compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Although the positivist and constructivist paradigms differ in many ways, which feature do the two paradigms have in common?

    <p>Both rely on the cooperation of human beings to participate in a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of purposes linked to EBP, what was the purpose of a study developed by a nurse researcher to evaluate pain in nonverbal palliative care patients?

    <p>Diagnosis/assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the nurse researcher's study on the effect of a health promotion intervention for inner city adolescents on their physical activity?

    <p>Treatment/therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What focus did the study of children coping with fears during routine immunizations have in terms of purposes linked to EBP?

    <p>Meaning and processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a persistent criticism of the scientific method by those who espouse the constructivist paradigm?

    <p>Reductionist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study investigates the effect of bed angle on hospitalized patients' heart rate?

    <p>Quantitative Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action do consumers of research take?

    <p>Read research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major source of funding for nursing research in the United States?

    <p>NINR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits the capacity of the scientific method to answer questions about human experiences?

    <p>The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an activity that occurs in a journal club?

    <p>Discussion of a research article regarding its merits and relevance to practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adjective best describes the scientific method?

    <p>Systematic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute is a characteristic of the traditional scientific method?

    <p>Systematic measurement of natural phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a descriptive question that a qualitative researcher might ask?

    <p>What is the nature of grief among parents of a dying child?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental assumption of the positivist paradigm?

    <p>Reality is 'out there' to be objectively studied, known, and understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental assumption in the constructivist paradigm?

    <p>Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely trend for the future of nursing research?

    <p>Enhancing the focus on the clinical significance of research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a clinical nursing research question?

    <p>What factors contribute to clients' risk of falling during a hospitalization?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of qualitative research?

    <p>Qualitative research typically involves a small number of people, so the generalizability of findings can be problematic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary source for answering clinical questions for evidence-based nursing?

    <p>Disciplined research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a descriptive question for a quantitative study?

    <p>What is the prevalence of elevated salivary cortisol in adolescents?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research findings increasingly must meet the test of being clinically significant, and medical practitioners have taken center stage in efforts to define clinical significance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method of acquiring reliable knowledge on which to base clinical practice?

    <p>Disciplined research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major assumption of the constructivist paradigm world view?

    <p>Reality is mentally constructed by individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quantitative research is allied with constructivist tradition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of purposes linked to EBP, what was the purpose of the study evaluating pain in nonverbal palliative care patients?

    <p>Diagnosis/Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quantitative research attempts to identify a phenomenon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of interruptions while nurses are giving medications on the number of medication errors they make?

    <p>Quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is it like for women to be the victims of physical abuse?

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a patient to receive a diagnosis of colon cancer?

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a nursing cessation intervention on the number of cigarettes that patients smoke?

    <p>Quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do the babies of women who do not get prenatal care have lower birth weights than other babies?

    <p>Quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a product for an institutional EBP project has been developed, what is typically the next step?

    <p>Undertaking a pilot test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the clinical question, 'What is the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of patients with rheumatoid arthritis?', what is the Outcome (O component)?

    <p>Functional ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the clinical question, 'Do stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?', what is the Population (P component)?

    <p>Patients with COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the clinical question, 'Does a nurse-led health promotion program improve the eating habits of community-dwelling elders?', which PICO component is the health promotion program?

    <p>The interventions or influence (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the clinical question, 'In hospitalized children aged 8 to 12 years undergoing surgery, does imagery-induced relaxation reduce postoperative pain?', what is the Intervention (I component)?

    <p>Imagery-induced relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the clinical question, 'Relative to sterile water, what is the effect of sucrose on pain during intravenous cannulation?', what component is missing?

    <p>The population (P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which clinical question is fatigue the 'I' component?

    <p>Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evidence source is typically at the pinnacle of most evidence hierarchies?

    <p>Systematic Reviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a metasynthesis?

    <p>A systematic integration and interpretation of qualitative research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Iowa Model, which is a problem-focused trigger for implementing an EBP project?

    <p>An observed increase in patient falls among patients on a neurologic unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an evidence hierarchy?

    <p>To rank order evidence according to the strength of evidence provided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is part of an organizational-but not an individual-EBP endeavor?

    <p>Assessing implementation potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument do advocates of EBP use?

    <p>EBP offers a good framework for self-directed lifelong learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to critically appraise clinical practice guidelines?

    <p>The AGREE II instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major barrier to evidence-based practice in nursing?

    <p>The absence of necessary skills, among many nurses, for locating and critically evaluating nursing studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a systematic review?

    <p>A meta-analysis available in the Cochrane database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a question asked in appraising research evidence in an individual EBP effort?

    <p>How rigorous and reliable is the evidence?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a systematic review that integrates quantitative research findings?

    <p>Meta-analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important issue in determining the implementation potential of the EBP project for an organization?

    <p>The cost-benefit ratio of introducing the innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model was developed for individual nurses to engage in research utilization?

    <p>Stetler Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The strongest level of evidence is obtained from individual correlation studies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a technique for integrating quantitative research findings statistically called?

    <p>Meta-analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next appropriate step after appraising and synthesizing evidence for researching new methods of preventing HAP?

    <p>Integrate the evidence into own practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is of particular importance in determining the implementation potential of the EBP project for the organization?

    <p>The cost-benefit ratio of introducing the innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical practice guidelines put evidence into usable form.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with constipation, what is the effect of an abdominal massage on patients' bowel movements?

    <p>P-patients with constipation, I-abdominal massage, O-affect bowel movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among pregnant women, does a prior miscarriage affect pregnancy-related distress?

    <p>P-pregnant women, I-prior miscarriage, O-pregnancy-related distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among elderly patients, does poor eyesight contribute to the occurrence of a fall?

    <p>P-elderly patients, I-poor eyesight, O-having a fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among 8-10 year olds, is the total energy expenditure lower among the children with congenital heart disease than among those without CHD?

    <p>P-8-10 year olds, I-CHD, O-total energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the type of feeding for infants (breastfeeding vs bottle) during the first 6 months of life affect the incidence of infections during early childhood?

    <p>P-Infants, I-type of feeding, O-incidence of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In qualitative research, what does saturation indicate?

    <p>Themes and categories in the data are becoming redundant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the PICO framework, a dependent variable in a study corresponds to which component?

    <p>Outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the PICO framework, an independent variable in a study corresponds to which combination of components?

    <p>Interventions and comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which qualitative research tradition would the question 'What is it like to experience a heart transplantation?' be rooted?

    <p>Phenomenology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of study would deductive reasoning most likely be used?

    <p>An experimental study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two broad classes of quantitative research?

    <p>Experimental and nonexperimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an operational definition?

    <p>To specify how a variable will be measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a question about a causal relationship?

    <p>Does rigorous daily exercise reduce the risk of obesity?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aggregate of individuals or objects to which a researcher wishes to generalize study results?

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in the research question, 'Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?'?

    <p>Quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in the question, 'Are depressive symptoms among patients with cancer affected by their degree of physical mobility and their pain levels?'?

    <p>Depressive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in the research question, 'What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain and blood pressure fluctuations in ICU patients?'?

    <p>Noise level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in the question, 'Do baccalaureate degree-prepared nurses practice more rehabilitative nursing procedures on a client in an ICU than associate degree-prepared nurses?'?

    <p>Type of educational background of nurse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research tradition focuses on understanding phenomena within a cultural context?

    <p>Ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research tradition is not used by qualitative nurse researchers?

    <p>Experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about undertaking literature reviews is true?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about qualitative research design is true?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about qualitative studies is true?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study?

    <p>Concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term associated with a quantitative study conducted to determine protocols for triaging patients in the emergency department?

    <p>Subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researchers involved in quantitative research commonly engage in fieldwork.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best description of a dependent variable?

    <p>Outcome being measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical trials are an example of observational research in medicine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a question that researchers ask when using phenomenology during qualitative research?

    <p>What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first action performed when designing and planning a quantitative study?

    <p>Formulating a research design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Paradigms and Research Approaches

    • Positivist and constructivist paradigms both require human cooperation in studies.
    • Positivist paradigm assumes an objective reality that can be studied and understood.
    • Constructivist paradigm views reality as subjectively constructed and interpreted by individuals.

    Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Purposes

    • Diagnosis/assessment is exemplified by evaluating pain in nonverbal palliative care patients.
    • Treatment/therapy purpose demonstrated through a health promotion intervention for adolescents.
    • Meaning and processes focus studied through children's fears during immunizations.

    Research Methodologies

    • Quantitative studies include measurable variables such as heart rate influenced by bed angle.
    • Qualitative studies explore subjective experiences, such as coping with fear or the impact of physical abuse.
    • Saturation in qualitative research indicates redundancy in themes, signaling data collection completion.

    Research Funding and Support

    • Major funding source for nursing research in the U.S. is the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR).
    • Systematic reviews, including meta-analyses, provide the highest level of evidence and guide clinical practice.

    Clinical Research Design

    • Distinct phases include formulating a research design and conducting pilot tests post-development of EBP interventions.
    • PICO framework helps structure clinical questions focusing on population, intervention, comparison, and outcome.

    Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice

    • A significant barrier is the lack of skills among nurses to locate and evaluate research effectively.
    • Implementation potential is significantly influenced by the cost-benefit ratio of introducing innovations.

    Themes in Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

    • Quantitative research relies on hypotheses, with independent and dependent variables framing causal relationships.
    • Qualitative research uses inductive methods, focusing on understanding phenomena within their cultural contexts.
    • Deductive reasoning is typically employed in experimental studies to confirm hypotheses.

    Statistical Techniques and Analysis

    • Meta-analysis serves as a statistical method to integrate quantitative research findings.
    • The dependent variable is the outcome being assessed, while the independent variable is the predictor being tested.

    Closing Observations on EBP

    • Evidence hierarchies rank the strength of research, with systematic reviews at the top.
    • Clinical practice guidelines translate evidence into actionable steps for healthcare practitioners, enhancing decision-making processes.

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    Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Research Exam 1. Explore key concepts related to positivist and constructivist paradigms, as well as evidence-based practice in nursing research. Perfect for preparing for your upcoming exam.

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