Recent

  • Show all results for ""
Research Ethics Overview and Cases
36 Questions
1 Views

Research Ethics Overview and Cases

Created by
@HardWorkingAestheticism

Questions and Answers

What should justify the performance of an experiment according to ethical standards?

  • The complexity of the methods used
  • The anticipated results (correct)
  • The number of subjects involved
  • The popularity of the experiment

    • What is a crucial requirement for experiments involving human subjects?

  • They should be publicly funded
  • They should include financial incentives for participation
  • They should be conducted by scientifically qualified persons (correct)
  • They should ensure that subjects are unaware of the risks

    • What was a significant ethical violation in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

  • Subjects were lied to and denied informed consent (correct)
  • All subjects were compensated fairly
  • Subjects received adequate treatment for their conditions
  • The study had no purpose or relevance

    • According to ethical standards, when should an experiment be terminated?

    <p>If there is probable cause to believe it could cause injury, disability, or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Nuremberg Code state about the degree of risk in experiments?

    <p>It should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is unacceptable according to ethical standards regarding human experimentation?

    <p>Performing experiments leading to serious injury or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Tuskegee Study, what treatment was denied to the subjects despite its availability?

    <p>Antibiotics such as Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Nuremberg Code emphasize about the subject's rights during an experiment?

    <p>Subjects have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research ethics primarily focus on?

    <p>Honesty and respect towards individuals affected by research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main accusations against the doctors involved in the Trials of 1946 – 1947?

    <p>Engaging in cruel and inhumane medical experimentation without consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>To balance expected benefits against risks in medical research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Hippocratic Oath signify in the context of medical ethics?

    <p>A promise to respect scientific knowledge and share it responsibly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios would most likely violate research ethics?

    <p>Exaggerating the results of a study for publication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the defendants in the Doctors’ Trials respond to the accusations of unethical experimentation?

    <p>They argued there was no legal distinction between legal and illegal medical research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major principle emphasized by the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>Research must prioritize participants’ well-being over scientific advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle included in the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>Participants should be provided with adequate compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants administered the final 450-volt shock in the first set of experiments?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response was NOT observed in participants during the experiment?

    <p>Uncontrolled shouting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior did participants demonstrate when they began to question the purpose of the experiment?

    <p>They paused at 135 volts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prompt was given to participants who indicated a desire to halt the experiment?

    <p>The experiment requires that you continue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the maximum number of volts that participants could administer before the experiment was halted?

    <p>450 volts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction did 10% of participants exhibit during the experiment?

    <p>Extreme upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about every participant in the study concerning administering shocks?

    <p>They paused at least once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the condition under which the experiment was always halted?

    <p>Once all verbal prods were exhausted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial reaction of the businessman in the experiment?

    <p>He became increasingly anxious and distressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Theory of Conformism, who ultimately influences decision-making in a crisis situation?

    <p>The group and its hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Agentic State Theory suggest about a person's perception of their actions?

    <p>Individuals view themselves as instruments of others' wishes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior did the businessman display as he approached nervous collapse during the experiment?

    <p>He repeatedly pulled on his earlobe and twisted his hands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the conference attendees assume about their own reactions in similar experimental conditions?

    <p>They felt they would stop at a high voltage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phrase did the businessman utter during the experiment that indicated his struggle?

    <p>Oh God, let’s stop it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary ethical considerations criticized by Diana Baumrind regarding Milgram's experiment?

    <p>Subjects were deceived about the true purpose of the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of participant experience did Baumrind emphasize should have been monitored more carefully during the experiment?

    <p>The stress and discomfort experienced by participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did Baumrind suggest should have been taken at the first sign of participant discomfort?

    <p>Terminate the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Baumrind, how could Milgram's experiment affect participants' views on future psychological research?

    <p>It could alienate them from future participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major ethical concern about participants believing they inflicted pain on others?

    <p>It led to significant psychological distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT one of Baumrind's criticisms of Milgram's study?

    <p>Insufficient funding for the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Ethics Overview

    • Research ethics ensures honesty and respect for all individuals impacted by research studies.
    • It includes moral and social standards guiding appropriate research behaviors.

    Notable Historical Cases

    • Doctors’ Trials (1946-1947): Twenty medical professionals were tried for inhumane experimentation on prisoners without consent, resulting in seven executions.
    • Nuremberg Code: Established 10 principles for ethical medical research, emphasizing the balance of benefits and risks and the necessity of informed consent.

    Hippocratic Oath

    • Modern version emphasizes respect for prior scientific knowledge, humane treatment of participants, and the prohibition of experiments that could cause serious injury or death.

    Nuremberg Code Essentials

    • Research risks must not exceed humanitarian importance.
    • Protection against injury or death is required.
    • Only qualified individuals should conduct experiments.
    • Participants have the right to withdraw at any time.

    Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)

    • Conducted on 600 African American men without informed consent.
    • Subjects were not treated with penicillin despite its availability during the study.
    • Highlights the importance of informed consent and ethical responsibility in research.

    Psychological Experiment Reactions

    • Participants in Milgram's study experienced severe emotional distress, including sweating, trembling, and nervous laughter.
    • 65% of participants administered the highest shock level (450 volts), often against their better judgment.

    Milgram's Theoretical Contributions

    • Theory of Conformism: People defer decision-making to group dynamics, especially under crises.
    • Agentic State Theory: Individuals may see themselves merely as instruments for another's wishes, diminishing personal responsibility.

    Ethical Critiques of Milgram's Study

    • Diana Baumrind criticized the ethical implications of deceiving participants about the experiment's true nature.
    • Argues that participants were subjected to unnecessary stress and that the experiment should have ceased after any indication of discomfort.

    Broader Implications

    • Milgram's findings changed societal perceptions regarding obedience and authoritarianism, especially concerning historical events like the Nazi regime.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the principles of research ethics, emphasizing the importance of honesty and respect for research participants. It also covers notable historical cases, including the Doctors’ Trials and the establishment of the Nuremberg Code, which laid the foundation for ethical medical research.

    More Quizzes Like This

    Research in Humans: Chapter 2
    16 questions

    Research in Humans: Chapter 2

    FantasticYellow avatar
    FantasticYellow
    Ethical Codes in Medical Research
    18 questions

    Ethical Codes in Medical Research

    GrandIndicolite avatar
    GrandIndicolite
    Ethics in Medical Research: Nuremberg Code
    10 questions

    Ethics in Medical Research: Nuremberg Code

    WellBacklitString8242 avatar
    WellBacklitString8242
    Ethical Codes in Research
    5 questions

    Ethical Codes in Research

    ComelyOrange avatar
    ComelyOrange
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser