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What should justify the performance of an experiment according to ethical standards?
What should justify the performance of an experiment according to ethical standards?
What is a crucial requirement for experiments involving human subjects?
What is a crucial requirement for experiments involving human subjects?
What was a significant ethical violation in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
What was a significant ethical violation in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
According to ethical standards, when should an experiment be terminated?
According to ethical standards, when should an experiment be terminated?
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What does the Nuremberg Code state about the degree of risk in experiments?
What does the Nuremberg Code state about the degree of risk in experiments?
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What factor is unacceptable according to ethical standards regarding human experimentation?
What factor is unacceptable according to ethical standards regarding human experimentation?
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In the Tuskegee Study, what treatment was denied to the subjects despite its availability?
In the Tuskegee Study, what treatment was denied to the subjects despite its availability?
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What does the Nuremberg Code emphasize about the subject's rights during an experiment?
What does the Nuremberg Code emphasize about the subject's rights during an experiment?
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What does research ethics primarily focus on?
What does research ethics primarily focus on?
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What was one of the main accusations against the doctors involved in the Trials of 1946 – 1947?
What was one of the main accusations against the doctors involved in the Trials of 1946 – 1947?
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What is the purpose of the Nuremberg Code?
What is the purpose of the Nuremberg Code?
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What does the Hippocratic Oath signify in the context of medical ethics?
What does the Hippocratic Oath signify in the context of medical ethics?
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Which of the following scenarios would most likely violate research ethics?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely violate research ethics?
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How did the defendants in the Doctors’ Trials respond to the accusations of unethical experimentation?
How did the defendants in the Doctors’ Trials respond to the accusations of unethical experimentation?
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What is a major principle emphasized by the Nuremberg Code?
What is a major principle emphasized by the Nuremberg Code?
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Which of the following is NOT a principle included in the Nuremberg Code?
Which of the following is NOT a principle included in the Nuremberg Code?
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What percentage of participants administered the final 450-volt shock in the first set of experiments?
What percentage of participants administered the final 450-volt shock in the first set of experiments?
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Which response was NOT observed in participants during the experiment?
Which response was NOT observed in participants during the experiment?
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What behavior did participants demonstrate when they began to question the purpose of the experiment?
What behavior did participants demonstrate when they began to question the purpose of the experiment?
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Which prompt was given to participants who indicated a desire to halt the experiment?
Which prompt was given to participants who indicated a desire to halt the experiment?
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What was the maximum number of volts that participants could administer before the experiment was halted?
What was the maximum number of volts that participants could administer before the experiment was halted?
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What reaction did 10% of participants exhibit during the experiment?
What reaction did 10% of participants exhibit during the experiment?
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What is true about every participant in the study concerning administering shocks?
What is true about every participant in the study concerning administering shocks?
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What was the condition under which the experiment was always halted?
What was the condition under which the experiment was always halted?
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What was the initial reaction of the businessman in the experiment?
What was the initial reaction of the businessman in the experiment?
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According to the Theory of Conformism, who ultimately influences decision-making in a crisis situation?
According to the Theory of Conformism, who ultimately influences decision-making in a crisis situation?
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What does the Agentic State Theory suggest about a person's perception of their actions?
What does the Agentic State Theory suggest about a person's perception of their actions?
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What behavior did the businessman display as he approached nervous collapse during the experiment?
What behavior did the businessman display as he approached nervous collapse during the experiment?
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What did the conference attendees assume about their own reactions in similar experimental conditions?
What did the conference attendees assume about their own reactions in similar experimental conditions?
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What phrase did the businessman utter during the experiment that indicated his struggle?
What phrase did the businessman utter during the experiment that indicated his struggle?
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What was one of the primary ethical considerations criticized by Diana Baumrind regarding Milgram's experiment?
What was one of the primary ethical considerations criticized by Diana Baumrind regarding Milgram's experiment?
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Which aspect of participant experience did Baumrind emphasize should have been monitored more carefully during the experiment?
Which aspect of participant experience did Baumrind emphasize should have been monitored more carefully during the experiment?
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What action did Baumrind suggest should have been taken at the first sign of participant discomfort?
What action did Baumrind suggest should have been taken at the first sign of participant discomfort?
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According to Baumrind, how could Milgram's experiment affect participants' views on future psychological research?
According to Baumrind, how could Milgram's experiment affect participants' views on future psychological research?
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What was a major ethical concern about participants believing they inflicted pain on others?
What was a major ethical concern about participants believing they inflicted pain on others?
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Which of the following was NOT one of Baumrind's criticisms of Milgram's study?
Which of the following was NOT one of Baumrind's criticisms of Milgram's study?
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Study Notes
Research Ethics Overview
- Research ethics ensures honesty and respect for all individuals impacted by research studies.
- It includes moral and social standards guiding appropriate research behaviors.
Notable Historical Cases
- Doctors’ Trials (1946-1947): Twenty medical professionals were tried for inhumane experimentation on prisoners without consent, resulting in seven executions.
- Nuremberg Code: Established 10 principles for ethical medical research, emphasizing the balance of benefits and risks and the necessity of informed consent.
Hippocratic Oath
- Modern version emphasizes respect for prior scientific knowledge, humane treatment of participants, and the prohibition of experiments that could cause serious injury or death.
Nuremberg Code Essentials
- Research risks must not exceed humanitarian importance.
- Protection against injury or death is required.
- Only qualified individuals should conduct experiments.
- Participants have the right to withdraw at any time.
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)
- Conducted on 600 African American men without informed consent.
- Subjects were not treated with penicillin despite its availability during the study.
- Highlights the importance of informed consent and ethical responsibility in research.
Psychological Experiment Reactions
- Participants in Milgram's study experienced severe emotional distress, including sweating, trembling, and nervous laughter.
- 65% of participants administered the highest shock level (450 volts), often against their better judgment.
Milgram's Theoretical Contributions
- Theory of Conformism: People defer decision-making to group dynamics, especially under crises.
- Agentic State Theory: Individuals may see themselves merely as instruments for another's wishes, diminishing personal responsibility.
Ethical Critiques of Milgram's Study
- Diana Baumrind criticized the ethical implications of deceiving participants about the experiment's true nature.
- Argues that participants were subjected to unnecessary stress and that the experiment should have ceased after any indication of discomfort.
Broader Implications
- Milgram's findings changed societal perceptions regarding obedience and authoritarianism, especially concerning historical events like the Nazi regime.
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Description
This quiz explores the principles of research ethics, emphasizing the importance of honesty and respect for research participants. It also covers notable historical cases, including the Doctors’ Trials and the establishment of the Nuremberg Code, which laid the foundation for ethical medical research.
