Research Ethics and Misconduct

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of a good research?

Yielding valuable information only

Involving human subjects

Focusing on a sensitive issue

Using a scientific design and conduct of study (correct)

What is the primary purpose of research?

To find solutions to a problem

To justify a hypothesis

To extend knowledge through a disciplined inquiry (correct)

To collect data for a thesis

What is the key factor in determining if an undertaking requires ethics review by an ethics review committee?

The intention to extend knowledge (correct)

The use of scientific methodology

The presence of human subjects

The involvement of male partners

Why is it important to differentiate activities that require ethics review?

To determine the intention of the research Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the use of a systematic approach to find solutions to a problem?

Systematic investigation Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a research ethics concern?

The use of deception in participant-observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a research study?

To extend knowledge through a disciplined inquiry Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a systematic investigation?

The use of a scientific methodological approach Signup and view all the answers

Why were the people who conducted these experiments tried separately from other Nazi war criminals?

Because of their professional status as physicians and the atrocious nature of their crimes Signup and view all the answers

According to the Nuremberg Code, what is a necessary condition for research to be conducted?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?

To protect human subjects from harm and ensure their rights are respected Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to protect subjects from harm according to the Nuremberg Code?

Proper plans should be made and facilities provided to protect the subject from harm Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'freedom to withdraw' principle in the Nuremberg Code?

It means that subjects can withdraw from the experiment at any time Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for research according to the Nuremberg Code?

The research must yield results that are useful to society and that cannot be obtained in any other way Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for publishers having strict policies on image manipulation?

To ensure the accuracy and integrity of research data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following image adjustments is usually acceptable?

Adjusting brightness, contrast, or color balance Signup and view all the answers

Why should authors retain raw data for a reasonable time after publication?

For editorial review and potential audits Signup and view all the answers

What are some forms of plagiarism?

Paraphrasing and idea theft Signup and view all the answers

What is a common type of publication misconduct?

Plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having a named custodian for research data?

To oversee data retention and accessibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of independent review in clinical research?

To review the design of the research trial and its proposed subject population Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding ethical boundaries important in research?

To ensure the integrity of the science and one's standing in the scientific community Signup and view all the answers

What is informed consent in the context of clinical research?

The provision of information to subjects about the purpose of the research and its procedures Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the severity of plagiarism?

The amount of work taken and what was copied Signup and view all the answers

What is respect for potential and enrolled subjects in clinical research?

Respecting subjects' autonomy and protecting their welfare Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice for authors regarding data access and retention?

Retaining raw data for a reasonable time after publication Signup and view all the answers

What is research fraud?

Publishing data or conclusions that were not generated by experiments or observations Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of research misconduct?

A threat to the integrity of the science and one's standing in the scientific community Signup and view all the answers

What is fabrication in research fraud?

Publishing data or conclusions that were not generated by experiments or observations Signup and view all the answers

Why is ethical conduct important in research?

To ensure the integrity of the science and the welfare of subjects Signup and view all the answers

What is a major ethical concern in research publication?

Duplicate publication Signup and view all the answers

What is a resource that provides information on ethics in research?

<a href="http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm">www.niehs.nih.gov/research/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm</a> Signup and view all the answers

Who edited the book 'Responsible Research - A Systems Approach to Protecting Research Participants'?

Federman DD, Hanna KE, and Rodriguez LL Signup and view all the answers

What is a term for the use of published work without proper citation?

Plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Belmont Report?

To establish guidelines for human subjects research Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote the article 'Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing'?

Roig, Miguel Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Ethics

Research is defined as an undertaking intended to extend knowledge through a disciplined inquiry or systematic investigation.
Systematic methodological scientific approach to find solutions based on facts.
Good research yields valuable information but may encounter difficulties in implementation due to sensitive issues.

History of Research Ethics

The 10 Points of the Nuremberg Code:
- Participation must be voluntary and subjects should have the capacity to give consent.
- Research should yield useful results that cannot be obtained in any other way.
- Research should have a sound footing in animal research and be based on the natural history of the problem under study.
- Steps should be taken to avoid unnecessary physical or psychological harm to subjects.
- Research should not be conducted if there is reason to believe that death or disability will occur in the subjects.
- The risk involved in the research should be proportional to the benefits to be obtained.
- Proper plans should be made and facilities provided to protect the subject from harm.
- Research should be conducted by highly qualified scientists only.
- The subject should have the freedom to withdraw at any time if they have reached the conclusion that continuing in the experiment is not possible.
- Independent review of the design of the research trial, its proposed subject population, and risk-benefit ratio by individuals unaffiliated with the research.

What Makes Clinical Research Ethical?

Independent review of the research trial, its proposed subject population, and risk-benefit ratio by individuals unaffiliated with the research.
Informed consent: provision of information to subjects about the purpose of the research, its procedures, potential risks, benefits, and alternatives, so that the individual understands this information and can make a voluntary decision whether to enroll and continue to participate.
Respect for potential and enrolled subjects: permitting withdrawal from the research, protecting privacy through confidentiality, informing subjects of newly discovered risks or benefits, informing subjects of results of clinical research, and maintaining the welfare of subjects.

Research Misconduct

Plagiarism, research fraud, and undisclosed conflicts of interest can threaten the integrity of science and one's standing in the scientific community.

Research Fraud

Research fraud involves publishing data or conclusions that were not generated by experiments or observations, but by invention or data manipulation.
There are two kinds of research fraud: fabrication and falsification.
Policies on manipulation of images and access to reported data are in place to prevent fraud.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism involves deliberately using another's work without permission, credit, or acknowledgment.
Plagiarism takes different forms, including literal copying, paraphrasing, and inclusion of data, words, and phrases, and ideas and concepts.
Plagiarism has varying levels of severity, depending on the extent and nature of the copied work.

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Description

Quiz on research ethics, including what is research, research ethics, history, and basic ethical principles, as well as research misconduct, fraud, and plagiarism.