Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of a good research?
What is the primary purpose of research?
What is the key factor in determining if an undertaking requires ethics review by an ethics review committee?
Why is it important to differentiate activities that require ethics review?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the use of a systematic approach to find solutions to a problem?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of a research ethics concern?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of a research study?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of a systematic investigation?
Signup and view all the answers
Why were the people who conducted these experiments tried separately from other Nazi war criminals?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the Nuremberg Code, what is a necessary condition for research to be conducted?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done to protect subjects from harm according to the Nuremberg Code?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the 'freedom to withdraw' principle in the Nuremberg Code?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key requirement for research according to the Nuremberg Code?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for publishers having strict policies on image manipulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following image adjustments is usually acceptable?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should authors retain raw data for a reasonable time after publication?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some forms of plagiarism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common type of publication misconduct?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of having a named custodian for research data?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of independent review in clinical research?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is understanding ethical boundaries important in research?
Signup and view all the answers
What is informed consent in the context of clinical research?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors determine the severity of plagiarism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is respect for potential and enrolled subjects in clinical research?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a recommended practice for authors regarding data access and retention?
Signup and view all the answers
What is research fraud?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the consequences of research misconduct?
Signup and view all the answers
What is fabrication in research fraud?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is ethical conduct important in research?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major ethical concern in research publication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a resource that provides information on ethics in research?
Signup and view all the answers
Who edited the book 'Responsible Research - A Systems Approach to Protecting Research Participants'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a term for the use of published work without proper citation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of the Belmont Report?
Signup and view all the answers
Who wrote the article 'Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing'?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Research Ethics
- Research is defined as an undertaking intended to extend knowledge through a disciplined inquiry or systematic investigation.
- Systematic methodological scientific approach to find solutions based on facts.
- Good research yields valuable information but may encounter difficulties in implementation due to sensitive issues.
History of Research Ethics
- The 10 Points of the Nuremberg Code:
- Participation must be voluntary and subjects should have the capacity to give consent.
- Research should yield useful results that cannot be obtained in any other way.
- Research should have a sound footing in animal research and be based on the natural history of the problem under study.
- Steps should be taken to avoid unnecessary physical or psychological harm to subjects.
- Research should not be conducted if there is reason to believe that death or disability will occur in the subjects.
- The risk involved in the research should be proportional to the benefits to be obtained.
- Proper plans should be made and facilities provided to protect the subject from harm.
- Research should be conducted by highly qualified scientists only.
- The subject should have the freedom to withdraw at any time if they have reached the conclusion that continuing in the experiment is not possible.
- Independent review of the design of the research trial, its proposed subject population, and risk-benefit ratio by individuals unaffiliated with the research.
What Makes Clinical Research Ethical?
- Independent review of the research trial, its proposed subject population, and risk-benefit ratio by individuals unaffiliated with the research.
- Informed consent: provision of information to subjects about the purpose of the research, its procedures, potential risks, benefits, and alternatives, so that the individual understands this information and can make a voluntary decision whether to enroll and continue to participate.
- Respect for potential and enrolled subjects: permitting withdrawal from the research, protecting privacy through confidentiality, informing subjects of newly discovered risks or benefits, informing subjects of results of clinical research, and maintaining the welfare of subjects.
Research Misconduct
- Plagiarism, research fraud, and undisclosed conflicts of interest can threaten the integrity of science and one's standing in the scientific community.
Research Fraud
- Research fraud involves publishing data or conclusions that were not generated by experiments or observations, but by invention or data manipulation.
- There are two kinds of research fraud: fabrication and falsification.
- Policies on manipulation of images and access to reported data are in place to prevent fraud.
Plagiarism
- Plagiarism involves deliberately using another's work without permission, credit, or acknowledgment.
- Plagiarism takes different forms, including literal copying, paraphrasing, and inclusion of data, words, and phrases, and ideas and concepts.
- Plagiarism has varying levels of severity, depending on the extent and nature of the copied work.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Quiz on research ethics, including what is research, research ethics, history, and basic ethical principles, as well as research misconduct, fraud, and plagiarism.