Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which research design is most appropriate for establishing a causal relationship between two variables?
Which research design is most appropriate for establishing a causal relationship between two variables?
What is the primary role of the dependent variable in an experiment?
What is the primary role of the dependent variable in an experiment?
Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of case study research?
Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of case study research?
Which term describes when the results of a study can be applied to real-life situations?
Which term describes when the results of a study can be applied to real-life situations?
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What reflects the consistency of scores obtained by a psychological test when repeated?
What reflects the consistency of scores obtained by a psychological test when repeated?
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What belief emphasizes the need for repeated observations for gaining accurate knowledge?
What belief emphasizes the need for repeated observations for gaining accurate knowledge?
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In an experiment assessing caffeine effects, which variable represents the treatment received by participants?
In an experiment assessing caffeine effects, which variable represents the treatment received by participants?
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How is a theory typically evaluated in empirical research?
How is a theory typically evaluated in empirical research?
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What is a major drawback of using archival data in research?
What is a major drawback of using archival data in research?
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In quasi-experimental designs, what must researchers do regarding confounding variables?
In quasi-experimental designs, what must researchers do regarding confounding variables?
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What kind of data sets predominantly constitute typical archival data?
What kind of data sets predominantly constitute typical archival data?
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Which of the following describes an interrupted time series design?
Which of the following describes an interrupted time series design?
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What is the main goal of the principle of beneficence in research ethics?
What is the main goal of the principle of beneficence in research ethics?
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What is required before participants can engage in a behavior modification study?
What is required before participants can engage in a behavior modification study?
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According to the APA Ethics Code, which principle relates to justice?
According to the APA Ethics Code, which principle relates to justice?
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What is typically the most important aspect of debriefing participants after a study?
What is typically the most important aspect of debriefing participants after a study?
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Study Notes
Research Designs and Causality
- Causality between two variables requires a specific research design
- Correlation does not determine causality
Experimentation
- In experiments, the dependent variable is measured
- Case studies can be longitudinal
- Case studies focus on a specific situation or individual
Validity and Reliability
- External validity refers to the generalizability of study results to real-life situations
- Reliability means a test gives consistent results
Research Methods
- Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from observation
- Single or double blind experiments can reduce experimenter bias
Variables
- Independent variable: the variable manipulated by the researcher
- Caffeinated/decaffeinated beverage in the example
- Controls are held constant
- Extraneous variables can confound the results
Theories and Hypotheses
- A parsimonious theory explains previous results with the minimum number of assumptions
- Theories can generate testable hypotheses
- Theories are broader frameworks
Data Analysis and Interpretation
- Chi-square tests are common in survey analyses
- Archival data often come from private/public records
- Quasi-experimental research may control for confounding variables, similar to experimental design
Research Design Considerations
- Quasi-experimental uses comparison groups and often pre/post tests rather than random assignment
- Interrupted Time Series designs are a type of quasi-experiment
Case Studies and Small N Designs
- Case studies involve in-depth analysis of individuals/events
- Small N designs examine more than 50 participants
Data Correlation and Quality
- Correlations measure relationships between variables
- Variables can positively, negatively, or have no correlation
Ethical Considerations
- Principles of research often include subject anonymity, fairness, and participants' rights
- Informed consent for participants is important
- Institutional review is needed for studies involving humans
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Description
Test your understanding of the principles of research designs and causality. This quiz covers key concepts such as validity, reliability, and the importance of variables in experimentation. Challenge yourself with questions on theories and hypotheses!
