Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of a good research design?
What is the primary goal of a good research design?
- To collect as much data as possible
- To study a large number of subjects
- To provide credible answers to research questions (correct)
- To utilize statistical software
Which factor is NOT mentioned as important in selecting the appropriate research design?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as important in selecting the appropriate research design?
- Research goal or objective
- Type of data to be collected
- Financial resources available (correct)
- Nature of the data to be analyzed
Which type of data is characterized as observations relayed as facts?
Which type of data is characterized as observations relayed as facts?
- Historical Data
- Descriptive or Normative Survey Data (correct)
- Experimental Data
- Critical Data
What type of data is expressed in the language of mathematics and interpreted using statistical procedures?
What type of data is expressed in the language of mathematics and interpreted using statistical procedures?
Which statement about experimental data is true?
Which statement about experimental data is true?
What role does a research design play in hypothesis testing?
What role does a research design play in hypothesis testing?
Which type of data consists of literary productions?
Which type of data consists of literary productions?
In choosing a research design, what must a researcher ensure concerning extraneous factors?
In choosing a research design, what must a researcher ensure concerning extraneous factors?
What does the symbol WM represent in the formula provided?
What does the symbol WM represent in the formula provided?
What is the correct formula for calculating the test statistic value in a T-test for Independent Samples?
What is the correct formula for calculating the test statistic value in a T-test for Independent Samples?
In the context of the provided formulas, what does MSB stand for?
In the context of the provided formulas, what does MSB stand for?
What is the interpretation for an R value of 0.75 based on the provided intervals?
What is the interpretation for an R value of 0.75 based on the provided intervals?
What is the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical test as per the guidelines given?
What is the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical test as per the guidelines given?
What is the purpose of Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation in the analysis?
What is the purpose of Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation in the analysis?
Which interval describes a 'To A Less Extent' assessment according to the weighted means interpretation?
Which interval describes a 'To A Less Extent' assessment according to the weighted means interpretation?
What does the symbol ƩXY represent in the correlation formula?
What does the symbol ƩXY represent in the correlation formula?
Which of the following is NOT categorized as a type of reference in the bibliography section?
Which of the following is NOT categorized as a type of reference in the bibliography section?
What is the primary first step a researcher should take before determining the sample size?
What is the primary first step a researcher should take before determining the sample size?
Which type of sampling design guarantees that every member of the population has an equal chance of selection?
Which type of sampling design guarantees that every member of the population has an equal chance of selection?
When using simple random sampling, which method is NOT appropriate?
When using simple random sampling, which method is NOT appropriate?
What does the formula $n = N / (1 + Ne^2)$ help determine?
What does the formula $n = N / (1 + Ne^2)$ help determine?
If the total population is 1,000 and the desired sample size is 286, what is the sampling interval using the formula $K = N/n$?
If the total population is 1,000 and the desired sample size is 286, what is the sampling interval using the formula $K = N/n$?
Which method involves dividing the population into subgroups and selecting samples from each?
Which method involves dividing the population into subgroups and selecting samples from each?
What is a key benefit of using stratified random sampling over simple random sampling?
What is a key benefit of using stratified random sampling over simple random sampling?
Which sampling method does NOT assure equal chance of selection among population members?
Which sampling method does NOT assure equal chance of selection among population members?
In which situation is cluster sampling most appropriate?
In which situation is cluster sampling most appropriate?
What type of data is required to perform non-proportional stratified sampling?
What type of data is required to perform non-proportional stratified sampling?
Which random sampling method is best for large populations when a specific individual is needed?
Which random sampling method is best for large populations when a specific individual is needed?
For what purpose is random number assignment used when selecting samples?
For what purpose is random number assignment used when selecting samples?
If a researcher wants to ensure representation across various demographic factors, which method should they use?
If a researcher wants to ensure representation across various demographic factors, which method should they use?
What is a characteristic of systematic random sampling?
What is a characteristic of systematic random sampling?
Which research design is best suited for analyzing documentary data?
Which research design is best suited for analyzing documentary data?
What type of data is represented by numerical measurements of traits or characteristics?
What type of data is represented by numerical measurements of traits or characteristics?
Which research design should be used when a researcher aims to explain the relationships between variables?
Which research design should be used when a researcher aims to explain the relationships between variables?
If a researcher wishes to assess the impact of a new policy, which type of research design would be appropriate?
If a researcher wishes to assess the impact of a new policy, which type of research design would be appropriate?
What is a key characteristic of qualitative research designs?
What is a key characteristic of qualitative research designs?
When is it preferable to use an entire population in research rather than sampling?
When is it preferable to use an entire population in research rather than sampling?
Which type of research design is best suited for uncovering data on a little-known phenomenon?
Which type of research design is best suited for uncovering data on a little-known phenomenon?
In which scenario would a researcher use correlational design?
In which scenario would a researcher use correlational design?
Which step comes first in the sampling process?
Which step comes first in the sampling process?
Which design is used when a researcher intends to solve a problem in a local setting?
Which design is used when a researcher intends to solve a problem in a local setting?
What type of research design is appropriate for observing existing conditions and looking back for causal factors?
What type of research design is appropriate for observing existing conditions and looking back for causal factors?
Qualitative data is characterized by which of the following?
Qualitative data is characterized by which of the following?
Which research design is primarily utilized when a measurement of cause-effect relationships is required?
Which research design is primarily utilized when a measurement of cause-effect relationships is required?
For a researcher aiming to understand the characteristics of a situation, which design should be chosen?
For a researcher aiming to understand the characteristics of a situation, which design should be chosen?
What is the purpose of face validation by graduate professors in research?
What is the purpose of face validation by graduate professors in research?
What must be included in the data collection procedures of a study?
What must be included in the data collection procedures of a study?
What is the time frame given to respondents to complete the survey questionnaire?
What is the time frame given to respondents to complete the survey questionnaire?
What statistical method is used to test the significance of differences in perceptions in quantitative research?
What statistical method is used to test the significance of differences in perceptions in quantitative research?
What type of data is necessary for the application of parametric tests?
What type of data is necessary for the application of parametric tests?
Which formula is used to determine the percentage in data analysis?
Which formula is used to determine the percentage in data analysis?
Which statistical method is used to determine the relationship between two continuous variables?
Which statistical method is used to determine the relationship between two continuous variables?
What condition must be met regarding population variances for the application of parametric tests?
What condition must be met regarding population variances for the application of parametric tests?
What does weighted mean assess in research data?
What does weighted mean assess in research data?
When is the null hypothesis rejected using chi-square analysis?
When is the null hypothesis rejected using chi-square analysis?
Which test would be appropriate for analyzing data with rankings?
Which test would be appropriate for analyzing data with rankings?
What type of data analysis method should be identified for qualitative data?
What type of data analysis method should be identified for qualitative data?
When is the Chi-square test considered a test of independence?
When is the Chi-square test considered a test of independence?
Which descriptive measure helps present the profile of respondents?
Which descriptive measure helps present the profile of respondents?
What does the coefficient of determination indicate?
What does the coefficient of determination indicate?
Which correlation coefficient is appropriate for two dichotomous variables?
Which correlation coefficient is appropriate for two dichotomous variables?
What is one outcome of the statistical analysis of the data collected?
What is one outcome of the statistical analysis of the data collected?
What does the term 'logistics' refer to in the context of a research proposal?
What does the term 'logistics' refer to in the context of a research proposal?
What type of test is the T test for Independent Samples?
What type of test is the T test for Independent Samples?
In which situation should a researcher consider using non-parametric tests?
In which situation should a researcher consider using non-parametric tests?
Which of the following variables is NOT typically assessed using frequency count in a study?
Which of the following variables is NOT typically assessed using frequency count in a study?
What is the significance of a weighted mean in a survey analysis?
What is the significance of a weighted mean in a survey analysis?
What is the purpose of the Coefficient of Alienation?
What is the purpose of the Coefficient of Alienation?
What type of correlation is assessed using Partial Correlation?
What type of correlation is assessed using Partial Correlation?
What statistical technique is used for determining the strength of association after a Chi-square test?
What statistical technique is used for determining the strength of association after a Chi-square test?
What is a primary use of tests of differences?
What is a primary use of tests of differences?
What does the t test for r evaluate?
What does the t test for r evaluate?
What is the primary purpose of the Mann-Whitney U Test?
What is the primary purpose of the Mann-Whitney U Test?
Which test is the non-parametric alternative to the T test for correlated samples?
Which test is the non-parametric alternative to the T test for correlated samples?
Which test would be most appropriate for comparing the variances of multiple groups?
Which test would be most appropriate for comparing the variances of multiple groups?
What is the main function of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test?
What is the main function of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test?
In the context of ANOVA, what action is taken if a significant F ratio is obtained?
In the context of ANOVA, what action is taken if a significant F ratio is obtained?
What does the null hypothesis in a Sign Test postulate?
What does the null hypothesis in a Sign Test postulate?
Which test is employed to determine the significance of differences among three or more groups?
Which test is employed to determine the significance of differences among three or more groups?
What does Analysis of Covariance (ANOCOVA) adjust for?
What does Analysis of Covariance (ANOCOVA) adjust for?
What type of research design is characterized by comparing matched or correlated samples?
What type of research design is characterized by comparing matched or correlated samples?
Which test focuses on differences between two independent samples specifically examining the median values?
Which test focuses on differences between two independent samples specifically examining the median values?
What type of data is the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test based on?
What type of data is the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test based on?
Which method is emphasized for validating research results through statistical analysis?
Which method is emphasized for validating research results through statistical analysis?
What is the primary goal of conducting post-hoc tests after ANOVA?
What is the primary goal of conducting post-hoc tests after ANOVA?
Which type of ANOVA is used when comparing two or more dependent variables?
Which type of ANOVA is used when comparing two or more dependent variables?
What is the primary approach used for analyzing qualitative data?
What is the primary approach used for analyzing qualitative data?
Which analysis method involves comparing and contrasting elements within the same category?
Which analysis method involves comparing and contrasting elements within the same category?
What is the main focus of the historical analysis method?
What is the main focus of the historical analysis method?
In quantitative analysis, what is a primary purpose of using statistical techniques?
In quantitative analysis, what is a primary purpose of using statistical techniques?
Which type of analysis emphasizes describing the characteristics of a study group?
Which type of analysis emphasizes describing the characteristics of a study group?
What does univariate analysis specifically examine?
What does univariate analysis specifically examine?
What is the purpose of content analysis in qualitative research?
What is the purpose of content analysis in qualitative research?
Which of the following best describes deductive analysis?
Which of the following best describes deductive analysis?
What is one of the aims of performing statistical correlations in quantitative data analysis?
What is one of the aims of performing statistical correlations in quantitative data analysis?
Which analysis method focuses on the structure and functions of institutions?
Which analysis method focuses on the structure and functions of institutions?
Which statistical technique helps summarize data and reveal typical characteristics?
Which statistical technique helps summarize data and reveal typical characteristics?
What does comparative analysis seek to accomplish?
What does comparative analysis seek to accomplish?
What is the mean primarily used to indicate?
What is the mean primarily used to indicate?
What is one characteristic of inductive analysis?
What is one characteristic of inductive analysis?
Which average is appropriate to use when the data are ordinal?
Which average is appropriate to use when the data are ordinal?
What does the range represent in a set of data?
What does the range represent in a set of data?
What type of analysis would be best suited for examining data that has been categorized?
What type of analysis would be best suited for examining data that has been categorized?
Which statistical tool is commonly used for multivariate analysis?
Which statistical tool is commonly used for multivariate analysis?
When is comparative analysis most appropriate to use?
When is comparative analysis most appropriate to use?
Which type of research question typically requires descriptive statistics?
Which type of research question typically requires descriptive statistics?
What is the quartile deviation most closely associated with?
What is the quartile deviation most closely associated with?
Which of the following describes nominal data?
Which of the following describes nominal data?
What statistical tests are appropriate when testing the significance of differences?
What statistical tests are appropriate when testing the significance of differences?
Which measure of variability indicates the amount of spread away from the mean?
Which measure of variability indicates the amount of spread away from the mean?
When should non-parametric tests be employed?
When should non-parametric tests be employed?
What characterizes categorical or nominal data?
What characterizes categorical or nominal data?
What type of analysis requires examining relationships between two variables?
What type of analysis requires examining relationships between two variables?
What is the primary focus of the descriptive research method described?
What is the primary focus of the descriptive research method described?
What is a key consideration when choosing statistical tests?
What is a key consideration when choosing statistical tests?
Which sampling technique is used to select respondent police officers in the study?
Which sampling technique is used to select respondent police officers in the study?
What is the minimum experience required for a police officer to participate in the study?
What is the minimum experience required for a police officer to participate in the study?
How many parts are included in the survey questionnaire for assessing mediation skills?
How many parts are included in the survey questionnaire for assessing mediation skills?
What response code indicates a 'very competent' assessment in the survey questionnaire?
What response code indicates a 'very competent' assessment in the survey questionnaire?
What type of sampling is employed for selecting respondent city residents in the study?
What type of sampling is employed for selecting respondent city residents in the study?
Which section of the survey questionnaire deals with the mediation values employed by barangay chairmen?
Which section of the survey questionnaire deals with the mediation values employed by barangay chairmen?
What is one of the criteria for selecting police officers as respondents?
What is one of the criteria for selecting police officers as respondents?
What kind of research instrument is primarily used for data collection in this study?
What kind of research instrument is primarily used for data collection in this study?
In the context of the survey, what does a response code of '1' signify for mediation skills?
In the context of the survey, what does a response code of '1' signify for mediation skills?
How are the responses in part 4 of the survey questionnaire gathered?
How are the responses in part 4 of the survey questionnaire gathered?
What demographic factors are covered in Part 1 of the survey questionnaire?
What demographic factors are covered in Part 1 of the survey questionnaire?
Which of the following best describes the use of a Personal Data Sheet (PDS) in the study?
Which of the following best describes the use of a Personal Data Sheet (PDS) in the study?
What is the reliability requirement for researcher-made instruments in the study?
What is the reliability requirement for researcher-made instruments in the study?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes cluster sampling from stratified random sampling?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes cluster sampling from stratified random sampling?
What is a key aspect of multi-stage random sampling?
What is a key aspect of multi-stage random sampling?
In which situation is non-probability sampling most appropriately used?
In which situation is non-probability sampling most appropriately used?
What does purposive sampling rely on for selecting participants?
What does purposive sampling rely on for selecting participants?
What is a hallmark of convenience sampling?
What is a hallmark of convenience sampling?
What does quota sampling aim to achieve?
What does quota sampling aim to achieve?
When determining sample size, which factor is NOT mentioned as important?
When determining sample size, which factor is NOT mentioned as important?
Qualitative data is primarily associated with which type of information?
Qualitative data is primarily associated with which type of information?
The analysis of data aims to achieve which of the following goals?
The analysis of data aims to achieve which of the following goals?
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of sample size in exploratory research?
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of sample size in exploratory research?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when determining sample size?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when determining sample size?
Which method is used to identify hard-to-reach respondents through referral networks?
Which method is used to identify hard-to-reach respondents through referral networks?
In the context of probability sampling, what is a significant drawback?
In the context of probability sampling, what is a significant drawback?
Which type of research typically requires a minimum of 30 subjects?
Which type of research typically requires a minimum of 30 subjects?
Flashcards
Research Design
Research Design
A researcher's plan for selecting participants, research location, and data collection methods to systematically answer research questions.
Goal of Research Design
Goal of Research Design
To provide credible answers to research questions.
Research Design and Confidence
Research Design and Confidence
A well-designed study helps researchers confidently conclude that their results are due to the variables they studied, not random factors.
Descriptive Data
Descriptive Data
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Historical Data
Historical Data
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Analytical Survey Data
Analytical Survey Data
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Critical Data
Critical Data
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Experimental Data
Experimental Data
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Descriptive Survey Method
Descriptive Survey Method
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Historical Method
Historical Method
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Experimental Method
Experimental Method
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Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data
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Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data
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Correlational Research
Correlational Research
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Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research
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Experimental or Causal-Comparative Research
Experimental or Causal-Comparative Research
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Action Research
Action Research
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Descriptive/Survey Research
Descriptive/Survey Research
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Explanatory Research
Explanatory Research
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Exploratory Research
Exploratory Research
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Evaluation Research
Evaluation Research
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Policy Research
Policy Research
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Ex-post Facto or Casual-Comparative Research
Ex-post Facto or Casual-Comparative Research
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Target Population
Target Population
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Sample
Sample
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Sampling Criteria
Sampling Criteria
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Sample Size Calculation
Sample Size Calculation
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Sampling Formula
Sampling Formula
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Margin of Error
Margin of Error
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Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
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Non-Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
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Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
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Systematic Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
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Stratified Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
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Cluster Random Sampling
Cluster Random Sampling
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Proportional Stratified Sampling
Proportional Stratified Sampling
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Non-Proportional Stratified Sampling
Non-Proportional Stratified Sampling
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Sampling Interval
Sampling Interval
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Logico-Inductive Analysis
Logico-Inductive Analysis
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Qualitative Data: Observations
Qualitative Data: Observations
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Qualitative Data: Identifying Topics
Qualitative Data: Identifying Topics
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Qualitative Data: Conclusion
Qualitative Data: Conclusion
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Quantitative Data Analysis
Quantitative Data Analysis
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Quantitative Data: Typical vs. Atypical
Quantitative Data: Typical vs. Atypical
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Quantitative Data: Relationships
Quantitative Data: Relationships
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Quantitative Data: Statistical Significance
Quantitative Data: Statistical Significance
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Comparative Method
Comparative Method
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Institutional Method
Institutional Method
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Descriptive Method
Descriptive Method
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Historical Analysis
Historical Analysis
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Inductive Analysis
Inductive Analysis
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Deductive Analysis
Deductive Analysis
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Content Analysis
Content Analysis
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Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling
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Multi-Stage Random Sampling
Multi-Stage Random Sampling
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Purposive Sampling
Purposive Sampling
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Convenience Sampling
Convenience Sampling
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Quota Sampling
Quota Sampling
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Snowball Sampling
Snowball Sampling
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Factors Affecting Sample Size
Factors Affecting Sample Size
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Sample Size in Correlational Research
Sample Size in Correlational Research
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Sample Size in Group Comparisons
Sample Size in Group Comparisons
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Importance of Sample Size for Small Differences
Importance of Sample Size for Small Differences
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Financial Constraints on Sample Size
Financial Constraints on Sample Size
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Sample Size and Importance of Results
Sample Size and Importance of Results
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Sample Size and Number of Variables
Sample Size and Number of Variables
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Data Collection Methods and Sample Size
Data Collection Methods and Sample Size
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Sample Size and Accuracy
Sample Size and Accuracy
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Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
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Mean
Mean
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Median
Median
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Mode
Mode
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Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
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Minimum and Maximum Values
Minimum and Maximum Values
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Range
Range
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Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
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Quartile Deviation
Quartile Deviation
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Bivariate Analysis
Bivariate Analysis
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Multivariate Analysis
Multivariate Analysis
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Comparative Analysis
Comparative Analysis
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Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tests
Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tests
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Types of Research Questions
Types of Research Questions
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Nominal Data
Nominal Data
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Descriptive Research Application
Descriptive Research Application
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Feasibility of Descriptive Research
Feasibility of Descriptive Research
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Purpose Sampling Criteria
Purpose Sampling Criteria
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Data Collection Instruments
Data Collection Instruments
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Survey Questionnaire
Survey Questionnaire
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Response Code
Response Code
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Variable
Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Reliability
Reliability
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Validity
Validity
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Parametric Tests
Parametric Tests
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Non-Parametric Tests
Non-Parametric Tests
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Correlation Coefficient
Correlation Coefficient
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Pearson-Product Moment Correlation (r)
Pearson-Product Moment Correlation (r)
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Spearman Ranks (rho)
Spearman Ranks (rho)
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Coefficient of Concordance (W)
Coefficient of Concordance (W)
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Chi-square Test (X²)
Chi-square Test (X²)
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Cramer’s V Statistics
Cramer’s V Statistics
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Point Biserial Correlation
Point Biserial Correlation
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Phi Coefficient
Phi Coefficient
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Coefficient of Determination (r²)
Coefficient of Determination (r²)
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Coefficient of Alienation
Coefficient of Alienation
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Partial Correlation
Partial Correlation
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Multiple Correlation
Multiple Correlation
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T-test for Independent Samples
T-test for Independent Samples
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Weighted Mean Formula
Weighted Mean Formula
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Weighted Mean Interpretation
Weighted Mean Interpretation
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T-test Formula
T-test Formula
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F-test for Two Groups
F-test for Two Groups
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F-test Formula
F-test Formula
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Pearson's Correlation
Pearson's Correlation
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Pearson's Correlation Formula
Pearson's Correlation Formula
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Correlation Coefficient Interpretation
Correlation Coefficient Interpretation
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Null Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
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Fmax Hartley Test
Fmax Hartley Test
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Mann-Whitney U Test
Mann-Whitney U Test
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Sign Test
Sign Test
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Median Test
Median Test
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Critical Ratio or Z Test
Critical Ratio or Z Test
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T Test for Correlated Samples
T Test for Correlated Samples
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Sandler's A Test
Sandler's A Test
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Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
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Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
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Post-Hoc Tests (Fisher's LSD, Duncan's, Newman-Keuls, Tukey's HSD, Scheffé's)
Post-Hoc Tests (Fisher's LSD, Duncan's, Newman-Keuls, Tukey's HSD, Scheffé's)
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Kruskal-Wallis H Test
Kruskal-Wallis H Test
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Friedman Analysis of Variance (Fr)
Friedman Analysis of Variance (Fr)
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Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
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Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
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Face-Validation
Face-Validation
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Data Collection Procedures
Data Collection Procedures
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Permission for Research
Permission for Research
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Coding and Tabulating Data
Coding and Tabulating Data
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Data Analysis Plan
Data Analysis Plan
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Frequency Count
Frequency Count
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Percentage
Percentage
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Weighted Mean
Weighted Mean
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Chi-Square Analysis
Chi-Square Analysis
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Significance Level
Significance Level
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Arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic Mean
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F Test
F Test
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Profile of Respondents
Profile of Respondents
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Buying Behavior Pattern
Buying Behavior Pattern
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Study Notes
Research Design
- Research design is a researcher's plan for systematically answering research questions.
- It outlines who, where, when, and how research subjects will be studied.
- A good design provides credible answers to research questions.
- Design allows for methods and procedures that answer research problems/test hypotheses with high confidence.
- Researchers need procedures to confidently attribute results to studied variables (and not external factors).
Factors in Choosing a Design
- Four key factors influence design choice:
- Data type: Descriptive/normative survey, historical, critical, analytical survey, or experimental.
- Data nature: Qualitative or quantitative.
- Research questions: Descriptive, relational, or difference-focused.
- Research goals: e.g., action research, explanatory research, etc.
Data Types
- Descriptive/Normative Survey: Direct observations, recorded as facts.
- Historical: Written records of past events.
- Analytical Survey: Quantified observations, expressed numerically (statistical).
- Critical: Literary productions.
- Experimental: Comparisons between observations.
Design Types Based on Data
- Descriptive Survey: Simple observational situations (questionnaires).
- Historical: Documentary/literary data.
- Analytical Survey: Numerical data analysis (e.g., statistical correlations).
- Experimental: Controlled conditions, pretest/posttest designs.
Design Types Based on Data Interpretation
- Quantitative: Numerical measures analyzed statistically using correlational, ex-post facto & experimental designs. Use for things like quantifying, measuring traits, job performance or other factors.
- Qualitative: Data involving meanings, concepts & descriptions analyzed using ethnographic and historical designs. Use for things requiring an understanding of concepts, feelings or behaviors, such as ethnographical studies.
Design Types Based on Research Questions
- Descriptive: Detailed understanding of a situation/phenomenon.
- Relational: Investigating relationships between variables (e.g., correlation).
- Difference Focused: Comparing groups/determining differences (experimental, comparative).
Design Types Based on Research Goals
- Action Research: Solving problems in a specific context.
- Descriptive/Survey Research: Understanding characteristic/components of a phenomenon.
- Explanatory: Explaining relationships between variables, predicting outcomes.
- Exploratory: Uncovering information about unknown phenomena.
- Correlational: Examining relationships between variables without causality analysis
- Evaluation: Assessing impact, effect, results of operations/policies/programs.
- Policy Research: Generating policy information and investigating policy impact.
- Ex-post Facto/Casual-Comparative: Observing existing conditions, looking for causal factors.
- Historical: Solving historical problems through past data.
- Experimental: Investigating cause-and-effect relationships (variable manipulation).
- Ethnographic: Holistic description or a situation/phenomenon through multiple approaches.
- Observation: Collecting direct information about human behavior.
Sampling
- Sampling: Selecting a portion of a population to gather research data.
- Population: The entire group of interest.
- Sample: The subset of the population studied.
- Sampling is crucial for experimental, correlational, and analytical survey designs.
- Advantages: Practicality, efficiency.
Sampling Methods (Probability)
- Simple Random: Equal chance of selection (fishbowl, random numbers).
- Systematic Random: Selection at regular intervals.
- Stratified Random: Ensures representation of subgroups (proportional, not proportional).
- Cluster Random: Selecting naturally occurring groups, then sampling within those groups.
- Multi-stage Random: Used in large-scale studies with multiple stages.
- For each, there's a formula for choosing a sample size given a population and a desired level of precision/margin of error.
Sampling Methods (Non-Probability)
- Purposive/Judgmental: Selecting subjects based on researcher judgment.
- Convenience: Selecting readily available subjects.
- Quota: Ensuring representation of subgroups based on population characteristics.
- Snowball: Identifying subjects through referrals from existing ones.
Determining Sample Size
- Factors influencing sample size:
- Research type (correlational, group comparison)
- Research hypothesis (small vs. large differences)
- Financial constraints
- Importance of findings (exploratory vs. conclusive)
- Number of variables
- Data collection methods (reliability)
- Desired accuracy
- Population size.
Data Analysis
- Qualitative Data: Analyzed logico-inductively. Identifying patterns, categories, and stating conclusions.
- Quantitative Data: Analyzed mathematically using various statistical techniques to summarize, identify differences/relationships, and test hypotheses.
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
- Comparative
- Institutional
- Descriptive
- Historical
- Inductive
- Deductive
- Content
- Theory-Based
Quantitative Data Analysis Methods
- Descriptive analysis: Describing participant characteristics.
- Univariate analysis: Analyzing one variable at a time (central tendency, variability).
- Bivariate analysis: Analyzing the relationship between two variables (correlation, etc.).
- Multivariate analysis: Analyzing relationships among multiple variables (multiple regression).
- Comparative analysis: Comparing participants' responses based on variables.
Statistical Techniques: Choosing Appropriate Tests
- Factors influencing test selection:
- Research questions (descriptive, relational, difference focused)
- Data type (categorical, ordinal, metric)
- Hypotheses
- Population characteristics
- Examples: Pearson correlation, Spearman rank correlation, chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA.
Research Methodology Section (Final Section)
- Research method: State and justify chosen method (experimental, survey).
- Respondents: Identify population, sample size, sampling method & criteria.
- Data collection instruments: Describe tools, reliability, and validity.
- Data collection procedures: Outline steps, logistics, and deadlines.
- Data analysis plan: Explain plan to analyze data and derive meaningful results. Provide formulas, justification and interpretation criteria.
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Test your knowledge about the fundamentals of research design with this quiz. Explore critical aspects like data types, the role of research design in hypothesis testing, and the importance of controlling extraneous factors. Perfect for students and professionals in the research field.
