Research Design Principles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of a good research design?

  • To collect as much data as possible
  • To study a large number of subjects
  • To provide credible answers to research questions (correct)
  • To utilize statistical software

    • Which factor is NOT mentioned as important in selecting the appropriate research design?

  • Research goal or objective
  • Type of data to be collected
  • Financial resources available (correct)
  • Nature of the data to be analyzed

    • Which type of data is characterized as observations relayed as facts?

  • Historical Data
  • Descriptive or Normative Survey Data (correct)
  • Experimental Data
  • Critical Data

    • What type of data is expressed in the language of mathematics and interpreted using statistical procedures?

    <p>Analytical Survey Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about experimental data is true?

    <p>It arises from comparisons of different sets of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a research design play in hypothesis testing?

    <p>It helps ensure results can be attributed to the studied variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data consists of literary productions?

    <p>Critical Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In choosing a research design, what must a researcher ensure concerning extraneous factors?

    <p>They should be monitored to assess their impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol WM represent in the formula provided?

    <p>Weighted Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula for calculating the test statistic value in a T-test for Independent Samples?

    <p>t = (M1 - M2) / Sx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the provided formulas, what does MSB stand for?

    <p>Mean Square Between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation for an R value of 0.75 based on the provided intervals?

    <p>Substantial correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical test as per the guidelines given?

    <p>5% level of significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation in the analysis?

    <p>To ascertain the correlation between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interval describes a 'To A Less Extent' assessment according to the weighted means interpretation?

    <p>1.50 - 2.49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol ƩXY represent in the correlation formula?

    <p>Product of X and Y scores summed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT categorized as a type of reference in the bibliography section?

    <p>Databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary first step a researcher should take before determining the sample size?

    <p>Identify the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sampling design guarantees that every member of the population has an equal chance of selection?

    <p>Probability sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using simple random sampling, which method is NOT appropriate?

    <p>Cluster sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formula $n = N / (1 + Ne^2)$ help determine?

    <p>The desired sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the total population is 1,000 and the desired sample size is 286, what is the sampling interval using the formula $K = N/n$?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves dividing the population into subgroups and selecting samples from each?

    <p>Stratified random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using stratified random sampling over simple random sampling?

    <p>It requires fewer subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method does NOT assure equal chance of selection among population members?

    <p>Non-probability sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is cluster sampling most appropriate?

    <p>When population data is fragmented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is required to perform non-proportional stratified sampling?

    <p>Equal numbers from each stratum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which random sampling method is best for large populations when a specific individual is needed?

    <p>Systematic random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what purpose is random number assignment used when selecting samples?

    <p>To randomize the sample selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a researcher wants to ensure representation across various demographic factors, which method should they use?

    <p>Stratified random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of systematic random sampling?

    <p>It relies on a predetermined sequence for selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design is best suited for analyzing documentary data?

    <p>Historical method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is represented by numerical measurements of traits or characteristics?

    <p>Quantitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design should be used when a researcher aims to explain the relationships between variables?

    <p>Explanatory research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a researcher wishes to assess the impact of a new policy, which type of research design would be appropriate?

    <p>Evaluation research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of qualitative research designs?

    <p>Focuses on meanings and descriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it preferable to use an entire population in research rather than sampling?

    <p>When the population is small and accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design is best suited for uncovering data on a little-known phenomenon?

    <p>Exploratory research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a researcher use correlational design?

    <p>When investigating a relationship between two characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step comes first in the sampling process?

    <p>Determining the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design is used when a researcher intends to solve a problem in a local setting?

    <p>Action research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design is appropriate for observing existing conditions and looking back for causal factors?

    <p>Ex-post facto research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative data is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Concepts and symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design is primarily utilized when a measurement of cause-effect relationships is required?

    <p>Experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a researcher aiming to understand the characteristics of a situation, which design should be chosen?

    <p>Descriptive/survey research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of face validation by graduate professors in research?

    <p>To ensure the content represents the descriptors to be measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be included in the data collection procedures of a study?

    <p>A complete discussion of conditions for data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame given to respondents to complete the survey questionnaire?

    <p>Three days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical method is used to test the significance of differences in perceptions in quantitative research?

    <p>Chi-square Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is necessary for the application of parametric tests?

    <p>Metric data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is used to determine the percentage in data analysis?

    <p>P = (F / N) X 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical method is used to determine the relationship between two continuous variables?

    <p>Pearson-Product Moment Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must be met regarding population variances for the application of parametric tests?

    <p>Population variances must be homogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does weighted mean assess in research data?

    <p>The average response considering the frequency of each response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the null hypothesis rejected using chi-square analysis?

    <p>When the obtained chi-square value is equal to or greater than the tabular value at a specific significance level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test would be appropriate for analyzing data with rankings?

    <p>Spearman Ranks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data analysis method should be identified for qualitative data?

    <p>Specific qualitative analysis method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the Chi-square test considered a test of independence?

    <p>When used for nominal or categorical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which descriptive measure helps present the profile of respondents?

    <p>Frequency Count and Percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the coefficient of determination indicate?

    <p>The degree of variance in variable Y accounted for by variable X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correlation coefficient is appropriate for two dichotomous variables?

    <p>Phi Coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome of the statistical analysis of the data collected?

    <p>Interpretation of research data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'logistics' refer to in the context of a research proposal?

    <p>Resources and materials needed for data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test is the T test for Independent Samples?

    <p>Parametric test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation should a researcher consider using non-parametric tests?

    <p>When assumptions for parametric tests are not met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following variables is NOT typically assessed using frequency count in a study?

    <p>Satisfaction rated on a scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a weighted mean in a survey analysis?

    <p>It accounts for the importance of various responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Coefficient of Alienation?

    <p>To determine the proportion of variance not explained by variable X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of correlation is assessed using Partial Correlation?

    <p>When the relationship is affected by a third variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical technique is used for determining the strength of association after a Chi-square test?

    <p>Cramer's V Statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of tests of differences?

    <p>To compare observations from different groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the t test for r evaluate?

    <p>The significance of a correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Mann-Whitney U Test?

    <p>To test for differences between the central tendency of two independent samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is the non-parametric alternative to the T test for correlated samples?

    <p>Sandler’s A Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test would be most appropriate for comparing the variances of multiple groups?

    <p>Fmax Hartley Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test?

    <p>To test the goodness-of-fit and distribution of a sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ANOVA, what action is taken if a significant F ratio is obtained?

    <p>Post-hoc tests are conducted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the null hypothesis in a Sign Test postulate?

    <p>There is no difference in the pluses and minuses of the paired scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is employed to determine the significance of differences among three or more groups?

    <p>Kruskal-Wallis H Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Analysis of Covariance (ANOCOVA) adjust for?

    <p>Initial differences on other influencing factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design is characterized by comparing matched or correlated samples?

    <p>Quasi-experimental Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test focuses on differences between two independent samples specifically examining the median values?

    <p>Median Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test based on?

    <p>Ranked data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is emphasized for validating research results through statistical analysis?

    <p>Aligning chosen tests with research design and data characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conducting post-hoc tests after ANOVA?

    <p>To determine the differences between specific group means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ANOVA is used when comparing two or more dependent variables?

    <p>Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach used for analyzing qualitative data?

    <p>Logico-inductive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analysis method involves comparing and contrasting elements within the same category?

    <p>Comparative method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the historical analysis method?

    <p>Explaining past events to understand the present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In quantitative analysis, what is a primary purpose of using statistical techniques?

    <p>To reveal differences among individual group members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of analysis emphasizes describing the characteristics of a study group?

    <p>Descriptive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does univariate analysis specifically examine?

    <p>One variable at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of content analysis in qualitative research?

    <p>To explain the status or development of a phenomenon using available documents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes deductive analysis?

    <p>From generalizations to specific facts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the aims of performing statistical correlations in quantitative data analysis?

    <p>To show relationships among variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analysis method focuses on the structure and functions of institutions?

    <p>Institutional method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical technique helps summarize data and reveal typical characteristics?

    <p>Descriptive statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does comparative analysis seek to accomplish?

    <p>Identify similarities and differences among groups or items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean primarily used to indicate?

    <p>The most typical response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of inductive analysis?

    <p>Moves from specific observations to general conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which average is appropriate to use when the data are ordinal?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the range represent in a set of data?

    <p>The difference between the highest and lowest values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis would be best suited for examining data that has been categorized?

    <p>Content analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical tool is commonly used for multivariate analysis?

    <p>Multiple regression analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is comparative analysis most appropriate to use?

    <p>When examining differences based on specific variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research question typically requires descriptive statistics?

    <p>Descriptive question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quartile deviation most closely associated with?

    <p>Variability when the median is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes nominal data?

    <p>Count of individuals in categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical tests are appropriate when testing the significance of differences?

    <p>T test, critical ratio test, and analysis of variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of variability indicates the amount of spread away from the mean?

    <p>Standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should non-parametric tests be employed?

    <p>When data is categorical or nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes categorical or nominal data?

    <p>It involves classifying observations into groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis requires examining relationships between two variables?

    <p>Bivariate analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the descriptive research method described?

    <p>To identify factors influencing a given phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when choosing statistical tests?

    <p>The type of research question posed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique is used to select respondent police officers in the study?

    <p>Purpose sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum experience required for a police officer to participate in the study?

    <p>5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many parts are included in the survey questionnaire for assessing mediation skills?

    <p>Four parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response code indicates a 'very competent' assessment in the survey questionnaire?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling is employed for selecting respondent city residents in the study?

    <p>Stratified random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the survey questionnaire deals with the mediation values employed by barangay chairmen?

    <p>Part 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criteria for selecting police officers as respondents?

    <p>No administrative violations in the past 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of research instrument is primarily used for data collection in this study?

    <p>Survey questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the survey, what does a response code of '1' signify for mediation skills?

    <p>Incompetent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the responses in part 4 of the survey questionnaire gathered?

    <p>Open-ended questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic factors are covered in Part 1 of the survey questionnaire?

    <p>Gender, age, and educational attainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the use of a Personal Data Sheet (PDS) in the study?

    <p>It gathers detailed demographic information from participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reliability requirement for researcher-made instruments in the study?

    <p>They must be checked and revised by the thesis adviser.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that distinguishes cluster sampling from stratified random sampling?

    <p>Cluster sampling uses convenient, naturally occurring group units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of multi-stage random sampling?

    <p>It can use various sampling techniques at different stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is non-probability sampling most appropriately used?

    <p>When the researcher wants to explore specific non-typical cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does purposive sampling rely on for selecting participants?

    <p>Subjective judgment regarding participants' relevance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of convenience sampling?

    <p>It focuses on recruiting participants who are readily available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does quota sampling aim to achieve?

    <p>Improving the representativeness of samples according to population proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When determining sample size, which factor is NOT mentioned as important?

    <p>The social media presence of the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative data is primarily associated with which type of information?

    <p>Verbal or descriptive information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The analysis of data aims to achieve which of the following goals?

    <p>To identify differences, relationships, and patterns within the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the nature of sample size in exploratory research?

    <p>A smaller sample size may tolerate a larger margin of error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when determining sample size?

    <p>The geographic distance of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to identify hard-to-reach respondents through referral networks?

    <p>Snowball sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of probability sampling, what is a significant drawback?

    <p>It requires a complete list of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research typically requires a minimum of 30 subjects?

    <p>Correlational research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Design

    • Research design is a researcher's plan for systematically answering research questions.
    • It outlines who, where, when, and how research subjects will be studied.
    • A good design provides credible answers to research questions.
    • Design allows for methods and procedures that answer research problems/test hypotheses with high confidence.
    • Researchers need procedures to confidently attribute results to studied variables (and not external factors).

    Factors in Choosing a Design

    • Four key factors influence design choice:
      • Data type: Descriptive/normative survey, historical, critical, analytical survey, or experimental.
      • Data nature: Qualitative or quantitative.
      • Research questions: Descriptive, relational, or difference-focused.
      • Research goals: e.g., action research, explanatory research, etc.

    Data Types

    • Descriptive/Normative Survey: Direct observations, recorded as facts.
    • Historical: Written records of past events.
    • Analytical Survey: Quantified observations, expressed numerically (statistical).
    • Critical: Literary productions.
    • Experimental: Comparisons between observations.

    Design Types Based on Data

    • Descriptive Survey: Simple observational situations (questionnaires).
    • Historical: Documentary/literary data.
    • Analytical Survey: Numerical data analysis (e.g., statistical correlations).
    • Experimental: Controlled conditions, pretest/posttest designs.

    Design Types Based on Data Interpretation

    • Quantitative: Numerical measures analyzed statistically using correlational, ex-post facto & experimental designs. Use for things like quantifying, measuring traits, job performance or other factors.
    • Qualitative: Data involving meanings, concepts & descriptions analyzed using ethnographic and historical designs. Use for things requiring an understanding of concepts, feelings or behaviors, such as ethnographical studies.

    Design Types Based on Research Questions

    • Descriptive: Detailed understanding of a situation/phenomenon.
    • Relational: Investigating relationships between variables (e.g., correlation).
    • Difference Focused: Comparing groups/determining differences (experimental, comparative).

    Design Types Based on Research Goals

    • Action Research: Solving problems in a specific context.
    • Descriptive/Survey Research: Understanding characteristic/components of a phenomenon.
    • Explanatory: Explaining relationships between variables, predicting outcomes.
    • Exploratory: Uncovering information about unknown phenomena.
    • Correlational: Examining relationships between variables without causality analysis
    • Evaluation: Assessing impact, effect, results of operations/policies/programs.
    • Policy Research: Generating policy information and investigating policy impact.
    • Ex-post Facto/Casual-Comparative: Observing existing conditions, looking for causal factors.
    • Historical: Solving historical problems through past data.
    • Experimental: Investigating cause-and-effect relationships (variable manipulation).
    • Ethnographic: Holistic description or a situation/phenomenon through multiple approaches.
    • Observation: Collecting direct information about human behavior.

    Sampling

    • Sampling: Selecting a portion of a population to gather research data.
    • Population: The entire group of interest.
    • Sample: The subset of the population studied.
    • Sampling is crucial for experimental, correlational, and analytical survey designs.
    • Advantages: Practicality, efficiency.

    Sampling Methods (Probability)

    • Simple Random: Equal chance of selection (fishbowl, random numbers).
    • Systematic Random: Selection at regular intervals.
    • Stratified Random: Ensures representation of subgroups (proportional, not proportional).
    • Cluster Random: Selecting naturally occurring groups, then sampling within those groups.
    • Multi-stage Random: Used in large-scale studies with multiple stages.
    • For each, there's a formula for choosing a sample size given a population and a desired level of precision/margin of error.

    Sampling Methods (Non-Probability)

    • Purposive/Judgmental: Selecting subjects based on researcher judgment.
    • Convenience: Selecting readily available subjects.
    • Quota: Ensuring representation of subgroups based on population characteristics.
    • Snowball: Identifying subjects through referrals from existing ones.

    Determining Sample Size

    • Factors influencing sample size:
      • Research type (correlational, group comparison)
      • Research hypothesis (small vs. large differences)
      • Financial constraints
      • Importance of findings (exploratory vs. conclusive)
      • Number of variables
      • Data collection methods (reliability)
      • Desired accuracy
      • Population size.

    Data Analysis

    • Qualitative Data: Analyzed logico-inductively. Identifying patterns, categories, and stating conclusions.
    • Quantitative Data: Analyzed mathematically using various statistical techniques to summarize, identify differences/relationships, and test hypotheses.

    Qualitative Data Analysis Methods

    • Comparative
    • Institutional
    • Descriptive
    • Historical
    • Inductive
    • Deductive
    • Content
    • Theory-Based

    Quantitative Data Analysis Methods

    • Descriptive analysis: Describing participant characteristics.
    • Univariate analysis: Analyzing one variable at a time (central tendency, variability).
    • Bivariate analysis: Analyzing the relationship between two variables (correlation, etc.).
    • Multivariate analysis: Analyzing relationships among multiple variables (multiple regression).
    • Comparative analysis: Comparing participants' responses based on variables.

    Statistical Techniques: Choosing Appropriate Tests

    • Factors influencing test selection:
      • Research questions (descriptive, relational, difference focused)
      • Data type (categorical, ordinal, metric)
      • Hypotheses
      • Population characteristics
    • Examples: Pearson correlation, Spearman rank correlation, chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA.

    Research Methodology Section (Final Section)

    • Research method: State and justify chosen method (experimental, survey).
    • Respondents: Identify population, sample size, sampling method & criteria.
    • Data collection instruments: Describe tools, reliability, and validity.
    • Data collection procedures: Outline steps, logistics, and deadlines.
    • Data analysis plan: Explain plan to analyze data and derive meaningful results. Provide formulas, justification and interpretation criteria.

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    Test your knowledge about the fundamentals of research design with this quiz. Explore critical aspects like data types, the role of research design in hypothesis testing, and the importance of controlling extraneous factors. Perfect for students and professionals in the research field.

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