Research Design and Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of correlational research design?

  • Describing the nature of participants
  • Observing participants in their natural context
  • Examining relationships between variables (correct)
  • Manipulating antecedent conditions

Causal-comparative research designs involve manipulating variables to determine effects.

False (B)

What type of observational method involves the researcher actively participating in the group being studied?

Participant observation

Field studies generally associate with _____ observation conducted in natural contexts.

<p>naturalistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research designs with their key characteristics:

<p>Descriptive = Describes the nature of participants Correlational = Examines relationships between variables Experimental = Determines cause and effect relationships Archival Studies = Analyzes existing data or records</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research approach is defined as testing objective theories by examining relationships among variables?

<p>Quantitative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative research is primarily concerned with measuring numerical data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first thing you should consider when planning to conduct research?

<p>research interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mixed Methods approach integrates both __________ and __________ data.

<p>quantitative, qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research approach with its definition:

<p>Qualitative = Explores meaning ascribed to social problems Quantitative = Tests theories through measurable data Mixed Methods = Combines qualitative and quantitative methods Quasi = Studies effects without random assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using the Quantitative approach, what is typically analyzed using statistical procedures?

<p>Numerical data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary goal of Qualitative research is to validate numerical hypothesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of participant filtering in research?

<p>To select specific characteristics like gender, age, or course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the experimental method?

<p>To establish cause-and-effect relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A control group is treated the same as the experimental group.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are independent variables in experimental research?

<p>Factors manipulated by the researcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, the __________ variable is measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

<p>dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Independent Variable = Factors manipulated by the researcher Dependent Variable = Outcomes measured in an experiment Control Group = Group that does not receive treatment Random Assignment = Procedure to minimize bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of true experimental design?

<p>Manipulation of independent variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-experimental approaches are used because they can directly manipulate independent variables.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design begins with qualitative data to develop an understanding before testing it with quantitative data?

<p>Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Case studies focus on studying groups rather than individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is random assignment important in experiments?

<p>It minimizes bias and ensures differences are attributed to the treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of grounded theory in qualitative research?

<p>Theory emerges after gathering data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ research design studies people or groups that have not been previously examined.

<p>ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research method with its description:

<p>Narrative = Stories asking particular questions Case Studies = Individual or specific group analysis Experimental Method = Controlled study to test a hypothesis Phenomenological = Exploration of lived experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of data typically represents outliers in the experiment described?

<p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mixed methods research can only utilize qualitative data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue do researchers need to address when studying extreme outliers, such as former sex workers with HIV?

<p>Objectives and problems associated with their experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method allows for strong conclusions about causality?

<p>Experimental Method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quasi-Experimental Design includes random assignment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Non-experimental Methods?

<p>No manipulation of variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a _____ design, there is manipulation of the independent variable, but no random assignment.

<p>Quasi-Experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design typically includes one-shot case studies?

<p>Pre-Experimental Design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experimental designs often struggle with external validity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of Non-experimental Methods?

<p>Lack of control over variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following designs with their characteristics:

<p>Experimental Design = Strong internal validity Quasi-Experimental Design = Lacks random assignment Pre-Experimental Design = Limited control over variables Non-experimental Methods = Observes natural settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle 'to do no harm' in research ethics imply?

<p>No potential negative outcomes should arise from research participation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research misconduct includes behaviors such as falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one potential negative outcome that may arise from participation in research.

<p>Physical harm or emotional distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research ethics involve moral principles guiding our duty to __________ individuals, animals, and society.

<p>respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a key ethical issue in research?

<p>Political affiliation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each ethical issue with its description:

<p>Research misconduct = Involves falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism Collaboration issues = Concerns regarding authorship and data ownership Peer review = Evaluation of research by experts in the same field Conflicts of interest = Situations where personal interests could compromise integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Benefits of research only refer to positive outcomes for the participants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible obligations researchers have toward animals?

<p>Ensuring their humane treatment and minimizing harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Internal Validity

The extent to which a study's results are due to the independent variable and not other factors.

External Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times.

Experimental Design

A research design that uses random assignment of participants to groups and manipulation of an independent variable to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

An experimental design where participants are randomly assigned to groups, both groups are given a pretest, one group receives the treatment, and both groups take a posttest.

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Posttest-Only Control Group Design

An experimental design where participants are randomly assigned to groups, one group receives the treatment, and both groups take a posttest.

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Quasi-Experimental Design

A research design that lacks random assignment, but still involves manipulation of an independent variable. Often used in real-world settings.

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Pre-Experimental Design

A research design with limited control over variables, often used for preliminary exploration.

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Non-Experimental Methods

Research methods that focus on studying behaviors in natural settings without manipulating variables.

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Qualitative Research

An approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. It focuses on understanding experiences, perspectives, and interpretations.

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Quantitative Research

An approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. It uses numerical data and statistical analysis to test hypotheses and draw conclusions.

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Mixed Methods Research

Combines both qualitative and quantitative data, integrating them to gain a deeper understanding than either approach alone.

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Research Interest

The first thing to consider when planning research - the topic or question you are interested in investigating.

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Preliminary Exam

An initial step in research involving filtering participants based on criteria (e.g., gender, age) and ensuring the total number of participants meets the target.

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Validation & Consistency

A process of ensuring the quality and reliability of quantitative data. This involves checking if the data is accurate and consistent.

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Objectives of the Study

The specific goals or aims that the research aims to achieve. This clarifies what the researcher hopes to learn or accomplish.

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Statement of the Problem

A clear and concise description of the issue or challenge that the research aims to address. This sets the context for the research question.

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Archival Studies

A type of quantitative research where existing data or records are analyzed to gain insights.

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Descriptive Research

Aims to describe the characteristics, behaviors, or attributes of a population.

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Correlational Research

Examines the relationship between two or more variables.

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Causal-Comparative Research

Investigates the cause and effect relationship between variables, but without directly manipulating any variable.

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Experimental Research

A research design that directly manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable.

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High Experiments

Experiments that are difficult to observe or measure directly, often involving complex human behavior or hidden factors.

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Objectives & Problems (Outliers)

Specific goals and challenges of a study that might be influenced by outliers, individuals or data points that differ significantly from the norm.

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Verification (Outliers of Interviews)

The process of ensuring the accuracy of interview data, especially identifying outlier responses that may skew results.

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70% - Extreme

A category for interview data that is considered exceptionally strong or impactful.

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20/30% - Downgrade

Interview data that is considered less impactful or requires further analysis and consideration.

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10% - Outliers

Interview data that is significantly different from the norm, potentially requiring further investigation.

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Manobo Blitz

A specific example of an outlier in a research study, potentially related to the Manobo people and their experiences.

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Mixed Methods

Research designs that combine both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis.

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Research Ethics

A set of principles that guide researchers in conducting ethical research, focusing on the well-being of participants and ensuring responsible scientific practices.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

A famous example of unethical research where students were assigned roles as prisoners and guards, leading to harmful psychological effects.

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Research Misconduct

A serious breach of research ethics involving intentional falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism of research findings.

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Collaboration Issues

Ethical challenges that arise in research collaborations, such as authorship disputes, data ownership, and fair management.

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Conflicts of Interest

Situations where researchers have personal interests that could potentially influence their research findings or decisions.

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Animal Subject Research

Research involving animals, which requires ethical considerations to minimize harm and ensure their welfare.

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Human Subject Research

Research conducted on humans requiring ethical approval and informed consent to protect participants' rights and well-being.

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Moral Foundations of Research

The ethical principles that underpin ethical research, including respect for individuals, the pursuit of truth, and consideration for society.

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Experimental Method

A scientific approach used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables by manipulating independent variables and observing changes in dependent variables while controlling for extraneous factors.

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Independent Variable

The factor that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

The outcome or response that is measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison with the experimental group.

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Random Assignment

Assigning participants to different groups (treatment and control) randomly to minimize bias and ensure any differences observed are due to the treatment.

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Types of Experimental Designs

Different ways to structure an experiment to effectively test a hypothesis, including true experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs.

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Non-Experimental Approach

A research method used to study behavior in natural settings without manipulating variables, providing insights but not establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

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Why do we use non-experimental approaches?

Non-experimental approaches are valuable when direct manipulation of variables is not feasible or ethical, providing valuable insights into real-world settings.

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Study Notes

Experimental Method

  • Experimental method is the most scientific and objective method for studying behavior.
  • It's a systematic approach used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
  • It involves manipulating one or more independent variables to observe the effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for extraneous factors.

Variables

  • Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher to observe their effect.
  • Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to changes in independent variables.

Hypothesis

  • A clear, testable statement predicting the relationship between independent and dependent variables, crucial for guiding the experimental process.

Control Groups

  • Experiments typically include at least one control group that doesn't receive the treatment.
  • This allows researchers to compare results against a group receiving the treatment.
  • Participants are randomly assigned to different groups (treatment and control) to minimize bias and ensure differences are due to the treatment, not pre-existing conditions.

Types of Experimental Designs (Page 2)

  • True Experimental Design: Relies on random assignment and manipulation of variables to make strong conclusions about causality. Includes pretest-posttest and posttest-only control group designs.
  • Quasi-Experimental Design: Lacks random assignment but still involves manipulating an independent variable. Useful in real-world settings where random assignment isn't possible.
  • Pre-Experimental Design: Involves limited control over variables and typically includes designs like one-shot case studies or one-group pretest-posttest designs.

Non-Experimental Approaches (Page 2)

  • Internal Validity: Demonstrates that changes in the dependent variable are directly caused by changes in the independent variable.
  • External Validity: Shows that the results of a study can be applied to real-world settings. Non-experimental methods may struggle with internal validity but can often have strong external validity because they observe naturally occurring conditions.

Research Approaches (Page 3)

  • Quantitative: An approach for testing objective theories by examining relationships among variables. Variables are measured using instruments (e.g., surveys), and data is analyzed statistically.
  • Qualitative: An approach for exploring and understanding the meanings individuals assign to social or human problems. Data collection often involves interviews, observations, and textual analysis.
  • Mixed Methods: Combines both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a research question.

Research Ethics (Page 6)

  • "To do no harm": A core ethical principle in research.
  • Informed Consent: Participants must understand the nature of the research, including risks and benefits, to make informed decisions about participation.
  • Vulnerable Populations: Special attention should be given to vulnerable groups, which may be at higher risk of harm or may not have the capacity to provide informed consent.
  • Cultural Sensitivity: Research involving different cultures must consider the local norms when conducting research.

Research Designs (Page 5)

  • Quantitative Research Design: Includes descriptive studies, correlational studies, and causal-comparative/quasi-experimental studies. Examples include educational research, health studies, and social sciences.
  • Archival Studies: Analyzing existing data or records.
  • Field Studies: Observing subjects in their natural environment without any manipulation.
  • Participant Observation: Active participation in a study's setting while observing.
  • Antecedent: Stimuli, events, situations, or circumstances that precede the response, relevant to experimental designs.
  • Experimental Designs: Highlight the high degree of manipulation in antecedent conditions.
  • Non-Experimental Designs: Emphasize low degrees of manipulation of antecedents.

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