Research Characteristics, Citing and Plagiarism

• Research is a systematic, impartial, and scientific process of generating new knowledge and technology.

Characteristics of Research (LACCREM)

• Logical: Based on facts, clear and reasonable thought rather than emotion.
• Analytical: Examines deeply behaviors and responses under study.
• Cyclical: Keeps going back to its origin, which is the problem.
• Critical: Careful and precise scrutiny of procedures and methods to withstand criticism and come up with a judgment.
• Replicability: Can be conducted by other researchers.
• Empirical: Generates new knowledge or technology from actual sensory observation, experience, or real cases from application of theory.
• Methodological: Based on facts and reasons that should be systematically established.

Citing & Referencing

• A citation must be provided in the text and a reference at the end of the assignment. Otherwise it is plagiarism.
• If there is a citation and a reference, it is not plagiarism.

Plagiarism

• Plagiarism involves presenting someone else's work as your own.

Citing

• Citing involves noting when you quote, paraphrase, or summarize from someone else and gives the reader the original source.

Reference

• Referencing involves creating a list of sources that have been cited, which is different from a bibliography, in that it includes those sources.
• Ideas from, or references to, another person's work needs citation within and at the end of the text.

Chapter 2: RRL & RRS

• RRL (Review of Related Literature) extracts background information.
• RRS (Review of Related Studies) published papers or journals are cited.
• Synthesis involves a summary of all points.
• Significance of the study relates to the community, and future researchers, or beneficiaries.
• Definition of terms involves defining words based on the term. This can be technical (dictionary definition) or operational (functional definition of jargons).

Theoretical vs. Conceptual Framework

Inductive

• Qualitative (specific to general).

Deductive

• Quantitative (general to specific).
• General (surveys, null alternative and hypothesis).

Theoretical Framework

• Derived from theory, adopted from a pre-existing theory.
• Includes laws, metathesis, hypothesis, and theories.
• Data from literature review can be thematic with coherence and a defined pattern or chronological with a timeline.

Conceptual Framework

• Derived from a concept, created by researchers.
• Examples include IPO (input, process, output), phenomenological (observation), narrative inquiry (timeline), case study (basis & judgment), ethnography (norms, culture) and grounded theory (uses a theoretical framework).
• Variables represent data.

Methods

• Mixed method uses quasi techniques like surveys and interviews.
• APA refers to American Psychological Association style.

Data Presentation

• Data presentation summarizes the background information of respondents and data collected through literature, survey questionnaires, interviews, and observation.

Presentation

• Presentations should be clear and scholarly and may be in the form of tables, figures, or charts.

Analysis

• Analysis involves the researcher's skills in describing and highlighting significant findings or data and the ability to present the data.

Interpretation

• Interpretation involves explanations or suggestions inferred from the data.

Analysis of the Data

• Data is analyzed in depth to give meaning to what is presented.

Tabular Presentation

• Tabular presentation organizes and compresses data into standardized forms.

Textual Presentation

• Textual presentation involves using statements with numbers to describe data.

Graphical Presentation

• Graphical presentation represents the quantitative variations of a variable itself or in comparison with those of another variable.