Anatomy Test 5 Question Set 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of gametes in the reproductive system?

Provide nutrients for the zygote

Regulate body temperature

Transmit genetic information to offspring (correct)

Facilitate implantation in the uterus

Stimulate hormone production

During fertilization, where does the fusion of sperm and oocyte typically occur?

Ampulla of the uterine tube (correct)

Endometrium

Cervix

Isthmus of the uterine tube

Vaginal canal

Which structure in the male reproductive system produces testosterone?

Prostate gland

Leydig cells (correct)

Seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells

Epididymis

What is the role of the Sertoli cells?

Nourish and protect developing sperm Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes meiosis I from meiosis II?

Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization usually occur in the female reproductive tract?

Ampulla of the uterine tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?

Produce estrogen and progesterone after ovulation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the fimbriae?

To sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue composes the endometrium?

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy of a primary spermatocyte?

Diploid Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm?

Spermiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does oogenesis arrest until puberty?

Prophase I Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms after the Graafian follicle releases its oocyte?

Corpus luteum Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?

hCG Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of prenatal development do organ systems begin to develop?

Embryonic period Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the embryo develops into the nervous system?

Ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the placenta?

Provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs first during fertilization?

Penetration of the corona radiata Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are present in a zygote?

46 Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH?

GnRH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of FSH in the female reproductive system?

Stimulate follicular development Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone inhibits FSH secretion during the luteal phase?

Inhibin Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

Corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is critical for milk ejection during lactation?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle helps regulate the temperature of the testes?

Dartos muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epididymis?

Store and mature sperm Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the testes to the abdominal cavity?

Vas deferens Signup and view all the answers

What fluid does the prostate gland contribute to semen?

Slightly acidic fluid with enzymes like PSA Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the urethra runs through the penis?

Spongy (penile) urethra Signup and view all the answers

Where does implantation typically occur?

Endometrium of the uterus Signup and view all the answers

Which uterine layer sheds during menstruation?

Endometrial functional layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the uterine tubes?

Transport oocytes to the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the mammary glands?

Lobules with alveoli and lactiferous ducts Signup and view all the answers

What ligament supports the uterus in place?

Round ligament Signup and view all the answers

What prevents polyspermy during fertilization?

Cortical reaction and zona pellucida changes Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does the zygote become a blastocyst?

Day 5 Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the blastocyst becomes the embryo?

Inner cell mass Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the hollow ball of cells formed after the morula?

Blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

What happens during gastrulation?

Formation of the primitive streak and three germ layers Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of two heterozygous parents producing a homozygous dominant offspring?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance involves a single trait determined by multiple genes?

Polygenic Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is associated with X-linked inheritance?

Hemophilia A Signup and view all the answers

What does a karyotype show?

Chromosomal abnormalities and structure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allele requires two copies for its expression?

Recessive Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of oxytocin during labor?

Stretching of the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prolactin during lactation?

Stimulates milk production Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Apgar score?

Measures the newborn's health after birth Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is highest during the first trimester of pregnancy?

hCG Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

Provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms from the trophoblast and aids in implantation?

Syncytiotrophoblast Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the placenta to maintain the endometrial lining?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fetal period of development?

Growth and functional maturation of organ systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

Protect the fetus from mechanical injury Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases uterine excitability at the onset of labor?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of labor?

Cervical dilation Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed by the "Grimace" component of the Apgar score?

Reflex irritability Signup and view all the answers

Which fetal structure closes to separate the pulmonary and systemic circulation after birth?

Foramen ovale Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lanugo on a developing fetus?

Protect the skin in utero Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the production of meconium in a newborn?

Digestion of amniotic fluid and cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance results in a blended phenotype?

Incomplete dominance Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype for a heterozygous individual with a dominant and recessive allele?

Aa Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a male inheriting an X-linked trait from a carrier mother?

50% Signup and view all the answers

What determines the sex of a human embryo?

Y chromosome contributed by the father Signup and view all the answers

What does codominance mean in genetics?

Both alleles are equally and fully expressed Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical change in males due to aging?

Decrease in sperm production Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the uterine size after menopause?

Decreases by 50% within 15 years Signup and view all the answers

What causes hot flashes during menopause?

Fluctuation in LH and FSH secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is affected most by reduced elasticity in aging?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis in aging women?

Decreased levels of estrogen Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproductive System

Gamete function: Transmit genetic information to offspring.
Fertilization site: Typically occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
Testosterone production: Leydig cells in the male reproductive system produce testosterone.
Sertoli cell role: Nourish and protect developing sperm.
Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes; Meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

Female Reproductive System

Fertilization location: Ampulla of the uterine tube.
Corpus luteum function: Produces estrogen and progesterone after ovulation.
Ovulation trigger: Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Fimbriae function: Sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube.
Endometrium composition: Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands.

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Primary spermatocyte ploidy: Diploid.
Spermatid maturation: Spermiogenesis differentiates spermatids into mature sperm.
Oogenesis arrest: Arrests in prophase I until puberty.
Post-ovulation structure: Corpus luteum forms after the Graafian follicle releases its oocyte.
Corpus luteum maintenance: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.

Development and Genetics

Organ system development: Embryonic period.
Nervous system development source: Ectoderm.
Placenta function: Provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
Fertilization initiation: Penetration of the corona radiata by the sperm.
Zygote chromosome count: 46 chromosomes.

Hormonal Control of Reproduction

FSH and LH release trigger: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
FSH's female role: Stimulates follicular development.
Luteal phase inhibitor: Inhibin.
Luteal phase event: Corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones.
Milk ejection hormone: Oxytocin.

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Testis temperature regulation: Dartos muscle.
Epididymis role: Stores and matures sperm.
Testes to abdomen connection: Vas deferens.
Prostate gland secretion: Slightly acidic fluid with enzymes like PSA.
Penile urethra: Spongy (penile) urethra.

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Implantation location: Endometrium of the uterus.
Menstruation shedding layer: Endometrial functional layer.
Uterine tube function: Transport oocytes to the uterus.
Mammary gland components: Lobules, alveoli, and lactiferous ducts.
Uterine support: Round ligament.

Fertilization and Early Development

Polyspermy prevention: Cortical reaction and zona pellucida changes.
Blastocyst formation: Day 5.
Embryo origin in blastocyst: Inner cell mass.
Blastocyst structure: Hollow ball of cells.
Gastrulation process: Formation of the primitive streak and three germ layers.

Genetics

Heterozygous parent probability: 25% chance of producing a homozygous dominant offspring.
Multiple gene trait: Polygenic inheritance.
X-linked condition example: Hemophilia A.
Karyotype reveals: Chromosomal abnormalities and structure.
Recessive allele expression: Requires two copies.

Pregnancy and Lactation

Labor oxytocin trigger: Stretching of the uterus.
Milk production hormone: Prolactin.
Newborn health assessment: Apgar score.
First trimester hormone: hCG.
Umbilical cord function: Provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the reproductive system, covering key concepts such as gamete function, fertilization, and hormonal regulation. Explore spermatogenesis and oogenesis processes, along with the roles of different cells involved. This quiz will challenge your understanding of both male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology.