Reproductive System and Hormones

• Insulin does not promote gluconeogenesis; it increases protein synthesis and glycogenesis, decreases blood glucose levels, and is secreted from beta cells.
• Type I diabetes involves inadequate insulin levels.
• Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells, increases blood glucose levels, stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides, and stimulates glycogenolysis.
• The urethra serves as the passageway for both semen and urine in the male reproductive anatomy.
• The correct amount of average sperm is 2-5 mL, containing about 20-100 million sperm/mL.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates spermiogenesis.
• Emission occurs when the ductus deferens contracts.
• When aromatase is present, testosterone is converted to estradiol (estrogen).
• Testosterone roles include stimulating an increase in protein synthesis.
• Injection of anabolic steroids (e.g., testosterone) leads to shrinkage of genitalia, decreased sperm production, decreased testosterone production, and decreased levels of GnRH, LH, and FSH.
• Fertilization occurs in the oviducts in the female.
• The ovary is involved in the development of the ovarian follicle.
• The perimetrium of the uterus is the outer layer, containing a serous fluid membrane.
• Estrogen and progesterone are responsible for stimulating breast development, stimulating secondary sex characteristics, and building the endometrial layer.
• LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen during the post-ovulatory (luteal) phase of the female reproductive cycle.
• Negative feedback inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) during menstruation causes the corpus luteum to degenerate.
• On the graph, line 2 refers to LH.
• On the graph, line 6 refers to progesterone.
• Vasectomy is the most effective birth control strategy among the options.
• Oral contraceptives contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone, and high levels of these hormones inhibit the secretion of LH and FSH.
• The function of blood includes transportation of oxygen and nutrients.
• Hemopoiesis is the term describing the formation of blood cells.
• Megakaryoblasts are the stem cells that form platelets.
• Erythropoietin (EPO) does not stimulate hemoglobin recycling.
• The liver destroys red blood cells.
• The main function of basophils is to intensify inflammatory reactions.
• A platelet release reaction occurs when platelets release the contents of their granules.
• Factor VIII is not involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
• Prothrombinase is the ending molecule in either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
• Iron deficiency anemia involves low oxygen-carrying capacity and can be treated with supplements or dietary changes.
• In hemolytic disease of the newborn, it is false that the first baby is Rh-.
• A person with type AB blood can donate to type AB.
• Aspirin prevents the formation of thromboxane A2.
• The main symptom of anemia is decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.
• Increased red blood cells and platelets are not a characteristic of leukemia.
• The endocardium contains cardiac muscle, not the other layers.
• The pericardial cavity is the structure between the visceral and parietal portions of the serous layer.

Essays

• Linda's hormone levels are roughly normal.
• Jeff's FSH levels are low and should be 5-15 IU/L.
• Jeff's low sperm count is linked to decreased FSH levels, given that FSH stimulates spermiogenesis.
• Hormonal injections may be suggested as treatment for Jeff.
• The vampire toxin affects the extrinsic pathway.
• Blood clotting will take longer as it has to go through the intrinsic pathway.
• Warfarin is an anticoagulant.
• The pathway for the vampire toxin is: Factor VII -> Factor VIIa with thromboplastin; Factor X -> factor Xa with factor VIIa; Factor Xa + Factor V -> prothrombinase.