Ch 17 Reproduction System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?

  • To give birth to a new individual
  • To produce egg cells
  • To produce, sustain, and deliver sperm cells to the female reproductive tract (correct)
  • To support the development of an offspring

    • What is the process by which sperm are produced in the testis?

  • Spermatogenesis (correct)
  • Oogenesis
  • Meiosis
  • Mitosis

    • Why is the scrotum located outside of the pelvic cavity?

  • To aid in the development of an offspring
  • To protect the testes from injury
  • To prevent overheating of the testes (correct)
  • To facilitate sperm production

    • What is the function of the epididymis?

    <p>To store, mature, and make sperm cells fully functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To shuffle genes and produce new combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tunica alumina?

    <p>To enclose the testis with a layer of fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the rate testis?

    <p>To connect the seminiferous tubules in a testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for sperm to mature in the epididymis?

    <p>About 3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to androgens that fail to become fixed in tissues?

    <p>They are excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of testosterone during puberty?

    <p>Development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is testosterone concentration regulated in the body?

    <p>Through a negative feedback mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovary in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Production of egg cells and female sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fetal development, where are the ovaries located?

    <p>Near the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fimbriae in the uterine tube?

    <p>To collect the ovum from the ovary during ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ovarian cortex responsible for?

    <p>The ovarian cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What binds the ovary to the uterine tubes and uterus?

    <p>Ovarian ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the mechanism of penile erection?

    <p>Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of FSH in the hormonal control of male reproductive function?

    <p>Stimulates spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of intense sexual stimulation in the mechanism of emission and ejaculation?

    <p>Sympathetic impulses contract smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inhibin in the hormonal control of male reproductive function?

    <p>Prevents over secretion of FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of parasympathetic neurons releasing nitric oxide in the mechanism of penile erection?

    <p>Dilation of small arterioles of the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of LH in the hormonal control of male reproductive function?

    <p>Stimulates the interstitial cells to produce male sex hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the hormonal control of male reproductive function?

    <p>The hypothalamus releases GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to produce male sex hormone?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex during pregnancy?

    <p>Promote reabsorption of sodium, leading to fluid retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnancy?

    <p>To confirm pregnancy through detection in urine or blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the fetal head stretches the cervix, what results?

    <p>A positive feedback mechanism, resulting in stronger uterine contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change occurs as the time of birth approaches?

    <p>Progesterone levels decrease, lessening its inhibiting effect on uterine contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates development of alveolar glands during pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Stretching uterine tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the positive feedback mechanism during labor?

    <p>Stronger uterine contractions and increased oxytocin release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parathyroid hormone during pregnancy?

    <p>To maintain a high concentration of maternal blood calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta?

    <p>To allow exchange of nutrients and wastes between fetal and maternal blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of HCG in the first trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>To ensure that the corpus luteum is sustained and not degenerated into corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the amnion in fetal development?

    <p>To secrete amniotic fluid in which the developing embryo floats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to estrogens and progesterone after birth?

    <p>They decrease, signaling the start of new ovarian and menstrual cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of progesterone in the birth process?

    <p>It suppresses the release of oxytocin during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the placenta?

    <p>A combination of embryonic and maternal tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high HCG levels on pregnant women?

    <p>It may be responsible for 'morning sickness' and other discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the chorion in fetal development?

    <p>It produces HCG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the infundibulum in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To channel the ovum from the fimbriae into the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ampulla in the uterine tube?

    <p>It is the site of fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cilia in the inner wall of the uterine tube?

    <p>To propel the ovum towards the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the uterus?

    <p>Fibrous connective tissue, smooth muscle, and epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the embryo adheres to the endometrial layer?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the last 6 weeks of fetal development, what is the position of the fetus?

    <p>Vertex position where the head faces the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To prevent the entry of foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HCG during pregnancy?

    <p>Maintaining the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of estrogens in preparing the uterus for implantation?

    <p>To thicken the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vagina during parturition?

    <p>To serve as the birth canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin in labor and partuition?

    <p>Causing the myometrium layer to contract involuntarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of progesterone on uterine contractions during pregnancy?

    <p>Inhibiting uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the placenta in hormonal changes during pregnancy?

    <p>Secreting estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the fetus moving downward during labor?

    <p>More pressure on the cervix, causing the release of oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of relaxin in labor and partuition?

    <p>Relaxing the pelvic ligaments and inhibiting uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when the fetus moves downward and exerts more pressure onto the cervix?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to placental hormonal concentrations after childbirth?

    <p>They decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the ejection of milk from ducts during lactation?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of contraception?

    <p>Breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the success rate of condoms in preventing pregnancy?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if milk is not removed from the breasts?

    <p>Milk production ceases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of prolactin during lactation?

    <p>Mechanical stimulation of the breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin in labor and partuition?

    <p>Stimulates uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of intrauterine devices (IUDs) in contraception?

    <p>Activates leukocytes and antibodies to prevent sperm entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive Physiology

    • Sexual reproduction requires a male and a female of the same species to copulate and combine their genes to produce a new individual who is genetically different from their parents.

    Male Reproductive System

    • The male reproductive system produces, sustains, and delivers sperm cells to the female reproductive tract.
    • Testis: produces sperm in a process called spermatogenesis, and male sex hormones (testosterone).
    • Each testis contains about 250 functional units called lobules; each lobule contains about 4 seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs.
    • Scrotum: a pouch-like cutaneous extension that contains the two testes, located outside of the pelvic cavity to prevent overheating of testes.
    • Epididymis: an expanded tubule from the rete testis where sperm is stored, matured, and becomes fully functional.

    Regulation of Male Sex Hormone

    • Negative feedback mechanism regulates testosterone concentration.
    • As the concentration of testosterone rises, the hypothalamus is inhibited, and the anterior pituitary secretion of gonadotropins is reduced.
    • As the concentration of testosterone falls, the hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins.

    Female Reproductive System

    • Ovary: primary sex organ that produces egg cells in a process called oogenesis, and also produces female sex hormones such as estrogens and progesterone.
    • Developed near the kidneys during fetal development, and descends into the pelvic cavity toward the end of pregnancy.
    • Consists of ovarian cortex where the ovarian cycle occurs, and ovarian medulla where scar tissues and connective tissue are located.

    Fertilization and Human Life Cycle

    • Fertilization: the union of a sperm and an ovum to form a zygote.
    • The human life cycle: a continuous process that involves multiple stages from fertilization to birth.

    Mechanism of Penile Erection

    • Sexual stimulation triggers the release of nitric oxide, causing dilation of small arterioles of the penis.
    • Blood accumulates within the vascular spaces in erectile tissue of the penis, leading to penile erection.

    Mechanism of Emission and Ejaculation

      1. Intense sexual stimulation triggers sympathetic impulses that contract smooth muscles.
      1. Peristaltic contractions in testicular ducts, epididymis, vas deference, and ejaculatory ducts occur.
      1. Rhythmic contraction in bulbourethral, prostate, and seminal vesicles.
      1. Emission: semen moves into urethra, followed by ejaculation, where semen is forcefully expelled from urethra.

    Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Function

    • Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones regulate male reproductive function.
    • GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release gonadotropins (FSH, LH).
    • FSH stimulates spermatogenesis, while LH (ICSH) stimulates the interstitial cells to produce male sex hormone (testosterone).

    Hormonal Regulation During Pregnancy

    • Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex promotes sodium reabsorption, leading to fluid retention.
    • Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands helps maintain a high concentration of maternal blood calcium due to high fetal demand.

    Detecting Pregnancy

    • Detecting HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in a woman's urine or blood is used to confirm pregnancy.

    Factors Contributing to Labor

    • As the time of birth approaches, progesterone secretion declines, and its inhibiting effect on uterine contractions may lessen.
    • Decreasing progesterone concentration may stimulate the synthesis of prostaglandins, which may initiate labor.
    • Stretching uterine tissues stimulates the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland.
    • Oxytocin may stimulate uterine contractions and aid labor in its later stages.
    • A positive feedback mechanism results in stronger and stronger uterine contractions and a greater release of oxytocin.
    • Abdominal wall muscles contract with greater and greater force, forcing the fetus out through the birth canal.

    Hormonal Control of Mammary Glands

    • Before pregnancy, ovarian hormones secreted during menstrual cycles stimulate the development of alveolar glands and ducts in mammary glands.
    • During pregnancy, estrogen causes the ductile system to grow and branch, while progesterone stimulates the development of alveolar glands.
    • Placental lactogen promotes the development of the breasts.
    • Prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland is secreted throughout pregnancy, but placental progesterone inhibits milk production until after birth.

    Structure of Lactating Mammary Glands

    • The blastocyst develops into an embryo, which continues to develop for the next two months until a fetus is formed.
    • After implantation, layers of membrane begin to form outside the embryo, including the amnion, which secretes amniotic fluid, and the chorion, which produces HCG and forms the placenta.

    The Placenta

    • The placenta is made up of embryonic and maternal tissues, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between fetal and maternal blood.
    • The placenta protects the embryo and fetus, and its outermost membrane is called the chorion.

    Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy

    • Following implantation, cells of the trophoblast (embryonic cells that help form the placenta) begin to secrete HCG.
    • HCG maintains the corpus luteum, which continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone.
    • As the placenta develops, it secretes large quantities of estrogen and progesterone, which:
      • Stimulate the uterine lining to continue development
      • Maintain the uterine lining
      • Inhibit secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland
      • Stimulate development of the mammary gland
      • Inhibit uterine contractions (progesterone)
      • Enlarge the reproductive organs (estrogen)

    Uterus and Vagina

    • The uterus is a pear-shaped cavity formed by the union of the two uterine tubes.
    • It is composed of three layers of tissue: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium.
    • The endometrium is stimulated by estrogens to thicken and become vascularized during the menstrual cycle.
    • Myometrium, under the stimulation of oxytocin, contracts during labor to expel the fetus into the vagina.
    • The cervix is a narrow passageway at the base of the uterus that prevents the entry of foreign substances.
    • The vagina is an elastic channel inferior to the cervix that serves as the birth canal during parturition.

    Oogenesis

    • Oogenesis is the process of egg formation in the ovarian cortex.
    • Before birth, several million cells called primordial oocytes exist in the ovaries, but most of them spontaneously degenerate.
    • By puberty, only 400,000 primordial oocytes remain in the ovaries.

    Birth Control

    • Birth control is a voluntary regulation of conception.
    • Contraception is any method used in birth control to prevent fertilization of the ovum.
    • Common contraceptive methods include:
      • Abstinence (100%)
      • Vasectomy (99%)
      • Tubule ligation (99%)
      • Birth control pills (98%)
      • Intrauterine devices (IUDs) (95%)
      • Condoms (90%)
      • Diaphragm and/or foam (80%)
      • Withdrawal method (or coitus interrupts) (75%)

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