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What is the primary principle behind natural methods of contraception?
What is the primary principle behind natural methods of contraception?
Which natural method of contraception involves avoiding coitus during the fertile period?
Which natural method of contraception involves avoiding coitus during the fertile period?
What is the effectiveness duration of the lactational amenorrhoea method?
What is the effectiveness duration of the lactational amenorrhoea method?
What does the diaphragm in artificial contraception function as?
What does the diaphragm in artificial contraception function as?
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Which barrier method provides protection against STDs and is classified as a female condom?
Which barrier method provides protection against STDs and is classified as a female condom?
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What is a significant limitation of the withdrawal method of contraception?
What is a significant limitation of the withdrawal method of contraception?
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How long does sperm survive in the female genital tract after intercourse?
How long does sperm survive in the female genital tract after intercourse?
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What is a common brand name of condoms provided by family welfare centers?
What is a common brand name of condoms provided by family welfare centers?
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What stage is the zygote transferred into the fallopian tube?
What stage is the zygote transferred into the fallopian tube?
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What is the purpose of ICSI?
What is the purpose of ICSI?
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Which procedure allows fertilization to occur in the fallopian tube?
Which procedure allows fertilization to occur in the fallopian tube?
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What condition does artificial insemination primarily address?
What condition does artificial insemination primarily address?
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Which bacterium causes Gonorrhoea?
Which bacterium causes Gonorrhoea?
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What is a symptom of Syphilis in the primary stage?
What is a symptom of Syphilis in the primary stage?
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What is a common preventive measure for STDs?
What is a common preventive measure for STDs?
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Which symptom is associated with Gonorrhoea?
Which symptom is associated with Gonorrhoea?
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What is meant by reproductive health?
What is meant by reproductive health?
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Which of the following is NOT a task of the Reproductive and Child Healthcare (RCH) programme?
Which of the following is NOT a task of the Reproductive and Child Healthcare (RCH) programme?
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What is a primary cause of population explosion?
What is a primary cause of population explosion?
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What policy aims to control population growth by limiting family size?
What policy aims to control population growth by limiting family size?
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How has sex education contributed to reproductive health awareness?
How has sex education contributed to reproductive health awareness?
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Which of the following is a government initiative to promote birth control?
Which of the following is a government initiative to promote birth control?
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What impact does population explosion have on basic needs?
What impact does population explosion have on basic needs?
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What has been a significant factor in the increase of the world population since 2000?
What has been a significant factor in the increase of the world population since 2000?
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What is the primary purpose of a vasectomy?
What is the primary purpose of a vasectomy?
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What is the legal time frame for Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) in India?
What is the legal time frame for Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) in India?
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Which of the following is a reason for performing an MTP?
Which of the following is a reason for performing an MTP?
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What technique is used to analyze amniotic fluid for genetic disorders?
What technique is used to analyze amniotic fluid for genetic disorders?
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What chromosomal abnormality is specifically associated with Down's syndrome?
What chromosomal abnormality is specifically associated with Down's syndrome?
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What is the role of the amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
What is the role of the amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
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What risk is associated with MTP performed in the second trimester?
What risk is associated with MTP performed in the second trimester?
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If amniocentesis is used to detect sex, what negative practice can arise?
If amniocentesis is used to detect sex, what negative practice can arise?
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What is the main symptom associated with genital warts caused by HPV?
What is the main symptom associated with genital warts caused by HPV?
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Which of the following statements about trichomoniasis is correct?
Which of the following statements about trichomoniasis is correct?
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What is a preventative measure against Hepatitis B infection?
What is a preventative measure against Hepatitis B infection?
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Which of the following is NOT a common transmission method for HIV?
Which of the following is NOT a common transmission method for HIV?
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What are the acute symptoms of Hepatitis B after its incubation period?
What are the acute symptoms of Hepatitis B after its incubation period?
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What protozoan causes trichomoniasis?
What protozoan causes trichomoniasis?
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After how long can symptoms of HIV appear after infection?
After how long can symptoms of HIV appear after infection?
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Which condition is primarily caused by HPV?
Which condition is primarily caused by HPV?
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Study Notes
Reproductive Health
- Defined as complete well-being in all aspects of reproduction: physical, emotional, social, and behavioral.
- A reproductive health society has normal reproductive organs and healthy emotional and behavioral interactions.
- In India, reproductive health is promoted through various programs since 1951, including family planning and Reproductive and Child Healthcare (RCH).
- RCH aims to raise awareness about reproductive issues and provide support for healthier reproductive practices.
- Introduction of sex education in schools enhances awareness among children.
- Medical assistance is vital for issues like STDs, pregnancy, contraception, and infertility, particularly in rural areas.
Population Explosion
- Characterized by a rapid increase in population size and growth rate.
- Quality of life improvements contribute to population growth, with around 1 billion people globally by the year 2000.
- Declining death rates and an increase in individuals of reproductive age are primary causes.
- Resulting resource scarcity necessitates population control measures.
Government Role in Population Control
- Implementation of one-child policy.
- Legal marriage age increased (21 for men, 18 for women).
- Incentives for couples with smaller families.
- Promotion of contraceptive methods through mass media campaigns.
Birth Control
- Essential for managing population growth, supported by government initiatives encouraging smaller families.
- Contraceptive methods fall into two categories: natural and artificial.
Natural Methods of Contraception
- Aim to prevent sperm-ovum meeting without devices or medicines:
- Periodic Abstinence: Avoiding sex during the fertile period (days 10-17 of the menstrual cycle). Limited effectiveness due to menstrual irregularities.
- Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus): Removing the penis before ejaculation, though effectiveness is compromised by potential pre-ejaculatory sperm.
- Lactational Amenorrhea: Breastfeeding temporarily suppresses ovulation post-delivery, effective for up to six months.
Artificial Methods of Contraception
- Mechanically prevent sperm-ovum union:
- Condoms: Latex sheaths worn by males to trap sperm and protect against STDs. NIRODH is a common brand.
- Female Condom (Fem Shield): A polyurethane pouch that lines the vaginal canal and offers STD protection.
- Diaphragm: Rubber barrier inserted into the vagina to prevent sperm entry.
Surgical Contraceptive Methods
- Vasectomy: Male sterilization by cutting the vas deferens.
- Tubectomy: Female sterilization through cutting or tying the fallopian tubes.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Voluntary termination of pregnancy before fetal viability, legal in India with strict regulations.
- Conducted primarily in the first trimester; risks increase in the second trimester.
- Reasons for MTP include unwanted pregnancies, contraceptive failures, pregnancies resulting from rape, or medical threats to the mother or fetus.
Amniocentesis
- A diagnostic procedure to analyze amniotic fluid for chromosomal or metabolic disorders.
- Detects congenital defects, informing termination if serious abnormalities are found.
- Misuse includes determining fetal sex leading to female foeticide.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
- Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): Directly injecting sperm into an ovum for cases of low sperm count.
- Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT): Transferring sperm and ova into the fallopian tube for fertilization.
- Artificial Insemination (AI)/Intrauterine Insemination (IUI): Inserting collected sperm into the vagina or uterus, enhancing pregnancy chances.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Infections transmitted primarily through sexual contact:
- Gonorrhea: Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, leads to discharge and potential complications.
- Syphilis: Progresses through stages with varying symptoms, from ulcers to severe tissue damage if untreated.
- Genital Warts: Caused by HPV, often asymptomatic but can result in discomfort and require preventive measures.
- Trichomoniasis: Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, it manifests as urethritis in males and vaginitis in females.
- Hepatitis B: Viral infection with serious liver risks, preventable through vaccination.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus.
- Modes of transmission include sexual contact, sharing needles, transfused blood, and mother-to-child transmission.
- Symptoms may take years to appear, complicating early detection and treatment.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of reproductive health, including physical, emotional, social, and behavioral dimensions. It highlights the importance of a reproductively healthy society and India's initiatives in promoting reproductive health since 1951.
