NCERT - REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH - 24 - 25

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Questions and Answers

What is one benefit of educating adolescents about reproductive health?

  • It helps to control population growth. (correct)
  • It eliminates the need for birth control.
  • It guarantees a healthy marriage.
  • It prevents all diseases.

Amniocentesis is legally allowed for the purpose of sex-determination.

False (B)

What is the name of the new oral contraceptive developed in India?

Saheli

Increased awareness of __________ can help combat social evils like sex abuse.

<p>reproductive health</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive health topics with their descriptions:

<p>STDs = Infections transmitted through sexual contact AIDS = A chronic disease caused by HIV Contraception = Methods to prevent pregnancy Post-natal care = Care provided to mothers and infants after childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential requirement for the successful implementation of reproductive health action plans?

<p>Stronger infrastructural facilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research in reproduction-related areas is neither encouraged nor supported by governmental agencies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problems can arise from uncontrolled population growth?

<p>Social evils, resource depletion, and health crises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of condoms?

<p>To prevent STIs and unwanted pregnancies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diaphragms are reusable contraceptive devices that cover the cervix.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a popular male condom brand.

<p>Nirodh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) are inserted into the uterus through the __________.

<p>vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following contraceptive methods with their description:

<p>Condoms = Barriers made of rubber for male or female use Diaphragms = Rubber barriers inserted to cover the cervix Copper T (CuT) = A type of IUD that releases copper Hormone releasing IUDs = Makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional benefit do condoms provide besides preventing conception?

<p>They protect against contracting STIs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IUDs can be used as a method of contraception without any medical intervention.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for?

<p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major risk of untreated STIs?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All individuals over the age of 24 are immune to STIs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should one do if there is doubt about a possible STI?

<p>Go to a qualified doctor for early detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a method of __________.

<p>fertilisation outside the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors with their roles in infertility:

<p>Physical = Biological reasons affecting fertility Congenital = Inborn conditions affecting reproduction Immunological = Body's immune response interfering with reproductive processes Psychological = Mental health factors that may impact fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group reports the highest incidence of STIs?

<p>15-24 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preventive measures for STIs include having multiple sexual partners.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are assisted reproductive technologies (ART) used for?

<p>To assist couples in having children when natural conception is not possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons for performing Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)?

<p>To remove unwanted abnormalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MTP is considered relatively safe during the third trimester.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two common sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

<p>Gonorrhoea and syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

One consequence of illegal MTPs is that they can be _______.

<p>fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sexually transmitted infections with their characteristics:

<p>Gonorrhoea = Bacterial infection causing discharge HIV = Virus that leads to AIDS Hepatitis-B = Virus affecting the liver Genital herpes = Viral infection causing sores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dangerous trend associated with the use of amniocentesis?

<p>It is sometimes used to determine the sex of the unborn child (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most sexually transmitted infections are not curable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method through which STIs can be transmitted besides sexual intercourse.

<p>Sharing of injection needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the GIFT method stand for?

<p>Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICSI involves the insertion of a sperm into the ovum directly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of artificial insemination?

<p>To introduce semen into the female for fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The zygote is formed from the fusion of an ovum and a __________.

<p>sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result of in vitro fertilization?

<p>Natural conception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reproductive techniques with their descriptions:

<p>ZIFT = Zygote transfer to the fallopian tube IUI = Intra-uterine insemination IVF = In vitro fertilization AI = Artificial insemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

All assisted reproductive technologies are widely accessible and affordable in many countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate aim of the methods described in the content?

<p>To have children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key priority for improving reproductive health in society?

<p>Counselling and awareness about reproductive organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy is only performed in cases of medical emergencies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some contraceptive methods available today?

<p>Natural methods, barrier methods, IUDs, pills, injectables, implants, and surgical methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inability to conceive after __________ years of unprotected sexual cohabitation is defined as infertility.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>STIs = Diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse Infertility = Inability to conceive after 2 years of unprotected intercourse MTP = Legalized procedure to terminate unwanted pregnancy IVF = Test Tube Baby Programme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?

<p>Menstrual irregularities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using condoms during sexual intercourse can help prevent STIs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant effect of improved reproductive health care?

<p>Reduced maternal and infant mortality rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Male and female condoms can be reused.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of IUD mentioned in the content.

<p>Copper T</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condoms help protect against __________ in addition to preventing conception.

<p>STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the contraceptive method with its description:

<p>Condoms = Barriers made of rubber to cover reproductive organs Diaphragms = Reusable barrier that covers the cervix Intra Uterine Devices = Inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation Spermicidal creams = Used alongside barriers to enhance contraceptive effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding hormone-releasing IUDs?

<p>They suppress sperm motility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaults can be used without medical intervention.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the copper ions released by copper-releasing IUDs do?

<p>Suppress sperm motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commonly suggested reason for population explosion?

<p>Changes in cultural perspectives on family (C), Advancements in medical technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete lactation is considered a natural method of contraception.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one measure that can be taken to prevent contracting STDs.

<p>Using condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after ________ years of unprotected sexual cohabitation.

<p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reproductive health encompass according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

<p>Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of sex education in schools is discouraged to prevent misinformation about sex-related aspects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major tasks of the Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes?

<p>Creating awareness about reproduction-related aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

India initiated action plans for reproductive health in the year __________.

<p>1951</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of reproductive health with their descriptions:

<p>Physical health = Normal functioning of reproductive organs Emotional health = Mental well-being related to sexual relationships Social health = Healthy interpersonal relationships regarding reproduction Behavioral health = Safe practices in sexual behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of family planning programs initiated in India?

<p>To achieve total reproductive health as a social goal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Governmental and non-governmental agencies have taken minimal steps to raise awareness about reproductive health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who plays a significant role in disseminating information about reproductive health?

<p>Parents, relatives, teachers, and friends</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of performing MTP illegally by unqualified practitioners?

<p>It may be dangerous and potentially fatal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Second trimester abortions are considered to be relatively safe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one sexually transmitted infection that can also be transmitted through sharing needles.

<p>HIV or hepatitis-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

MTPs are often essential when the continuation of pregnancy could be _______ to the mother or foetus.

<p>harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about amniocentesis is correct?

<p>It can be misused to determine the sex of the unborn child. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All sexually transmitted infections are curable with proper treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the need for effective counseling regarding reproductive health?

<p>To avoid unprotected coitus and the associated risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a component of reproductive health education?

<p>Workplace etiquette (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy is illegal in most circumstances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is defined as the inability to conceive after two years of unprotected sexual cohabitation?

<p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

One method used in assisted reproductive technology is called __________.

<p>In Vitro Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each waste management practice with its description:

<p>Natural Methods = Includes calendar and withdrawal methods Barrier Methods = Prevents sperm from reaching the egg Hormonal Methods = Includes pills and injectables to prevent ovulation Surgical Methods = Permanently prevents pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common precaution to avoid contracting STIs?

<p>Using condoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant outcome of improved reproductive health programs?

<p>Reduced maternal and infant mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraceptives are regularly required for reproductive health maintenance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method uses a sperm injection directly into the ovum?

<p>ICSI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial insemination can correct infertility cases due to low sperm counts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ZIFT stand for?

<p>Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process in which ova and sperm are combined in a laboratory to form an embryo is called __________.

<p>in vitro fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the assisted reproductive techniques with their descriptions:

<p>ZIFT = Transfer of zygote into the fallopian tube IUT = Transfer of embryos into the uterus GIFT = Transfer of gametes into the fallopian tube AI = Artificial introduction of semen into the female</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the inability to conceive after a certain period?

<p>Infertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotional and social factors can affect the adoption of assisted reproductive technologies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate aim of assisted reproductive technologies?

<p>To have children</p> Signup and view all the answers

Family planning programs in India were initiated in 1961.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary strategies to create awareness about reproductive health in society?

<p>Educational programs or sex education in schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to WHO, individuals are considered reproductively healthy when they have physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal __________ interactions.

<p>emotional and behavioural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive health programs with their focus areas:

<p>Family Planning = Total reproductive health as a social goal Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) = Support for mothers and infants Sex Education = Dissemination of accurate information Awareness Campaigns = Community engagement and knowledge enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major task under reproductive health programs in India?

<p>Creating awareness about reproduction-related aspects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parents and teachers play a significant role in disseminating reproductive health information.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improving reproductive health helps combat social evils such as __________.

<p>sex abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a suggested reason for population explosion?

<p>Lack of access to contraceptives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infertility is always caused by abnormalities in the female partner.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some measures one should take to prevent contracting STDs?

<p>Using condoms, getting regular screenings, limiting the number of sexual partners, and practicing abstinence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete lactation can help serve as a natural method of __________.

<p>contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves injecting a sperm directly into an ovum?

<p>ICSI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods of assisting infertile couples with their descriptions:

<p>In vitro fertilization = Fertilization occurs outside the body IUI = Sperm is directly placed into the uterus ICSI = Sperm is injected directly into the egg Surrogacy = An alternative mother carries the baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial insemination (AI) can only be performed with semen from a husband.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of assisted reproductive techniques?

<p>To help couples conceive a child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method in which embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus is called __________.

<p>IUT</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive technologies with their descriptions:

<p>ZIFT = Transfer of zygote to the fallopian tube GIFT = Transfer of ova into the fallopian tube IUI = Intra-uterine insemination AI = Artificial introduction of semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is GIFT an abbreviation for?

<p>Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method that allows fertilization to occur outside the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason why assisted reproductive technologies may not be widely adopted.

<p>Cost or emotional/social factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of oral contraceptive pills?

<p>They must be taken daily for 21 days. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progestogens in combination with estrogen can be used in surgical methods for contraception.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is called when a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up?

<p>Vasectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emergency contraceptives can be administered within __________ hours of unprotected intercourse.

<p>72</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the contraceptive methods with their descriptions:

<p>Oral Contraceptive Pills = Taken daily for 21 days Tubectomy = Surgical method for female sterilization Vasectomy = Surgical method for male sterilization Implants = Inserted under the skin for long-term contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Saheli, the new oral contraceptive?

<p>Is a once-a-week pill (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reversibility of tubectomy is very high.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two methods of surgical sterilization mentioned for males and females?

<p>Vasectomy for males and tubectomy for females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant risk factor associated with performing Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) illegally?

<p>Use by unqualified practitioners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one common sexually transmitted infection (STI).

<p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

STIs can be transmitted through sharing of injection needles, transfusion of _____, or from an infected mother to the foetus.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following STIs with their characteristics:

<p>Gonorrhoea = Bacterial infection often causing pain and discharge HIV = Viral infection that can lead to AIDS Syphilis = Bacterial infection that can cause serious health issues if untreated Genital herpes = Viral infection characterized by painful sores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concerning trend related to amniocentesis highlighted in the content?

<p>Determining the sex of the unborn child (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most sexually transmitted infections are completely curable if detected early and treated properly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early symptoms of most STIs may include itching, fluid discharge, slight _____, and swellings in the genital region.

<p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of contraceptive methods?

<p>To avoid or delay pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improved reproductive health has led to increased maternal and infant mortality rates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inability to conceive after __________ years of unprotected sexual cohabitation is called infertility.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is commonly known as the 'Test Tube Baby' Programme?

<p>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early detection of STIs does not significantly impact treatment outcomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one simple precaution to avoid contracting STIs.

<p>Use condoms during sexual intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of illegal Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)?

<p>Increased risk of complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is safe during the second trimester.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is not curable.

<p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

The abbreviation STI stands for __________.

<p>sexually transmitted infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the use of amniocentesis?

<p>It should not be used to determine the sex of the unborn child. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most STIs can be transmitted through sharing needles.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why effective counseling on reproductive health is important?

<p>To avoid unprotected coitus and the risks of illegal abortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reproductive health include according to WHO?

<p>Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India was one of the first countries to initiate family planning programs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major tasks under reproductive health programs?

<p>Creating awareness about reproduction-related aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term __________ refers to the overall well-being in all aspects of reproduction.

<p>reproductive health</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive health initiatives with their goals:

<p>Family Planning = To control population growth Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) = To promote reproductive health Sex Education in Schools = To provide accurate information to youth Awareness Campaigns = To inform the public on reproduction-related issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT commonly used to create awareness about reproductive health?

<p>Family discussions only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sex education in schools discourages children from believing in myths about sexual health.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents and teachers play in reproductive health awareness?

<p>Dissemination of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the suggested reasons for population explosion?

<p>High birth rates coupled with decline in mortality rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactation can serve as a natural form of contraception.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method that can assist infertile couples in having children.

<p>In vitro fertilization (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amniocentesis for sex determination has been banned due to concerns over __________.

<p>gender discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their explanations:

<p>Infertility = Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse Contraceptives = Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) = Infections commonly transmitted through sexual contact Amniocentesis = Procedure to test for genetic disorders during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Intra Uterine Device (IUD)?

<p>Barrier IUDs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condoms can be reused.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using condoms?

<p>To prevent conception and protect against STIs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a popular brand of male condom.

<p>Nirodh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following contraceptive methods with their characteristics:

<p>Condoms = Disposable barrier method Diaphragms = Reusable barrier method Copper T = Non-medicated IUD Progestasert = Hormone releasing IUD</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism by which copper ions in Copper T IUDs work?

<p>Suppress sperm motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus suitable for implantation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential advantage of using diaphragms and cervical caps?

<p>They can be reused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary goal of reproductive and child health care programs?

<p>Assist with pregnancy and related medical issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is only allowed in cases of severe medical emergencies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to conceive after two years of unprotected sexual cohabitation?

<p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using __________ during sexual intercourse can help prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

<p>condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods of contraception with their descriptions:

<p>Natural methods = Reliance on natural cycles to prevent pregnancy Barrier methods = Physical block to prevent sperm from reaching the egg Hormonal methods = Use of hormones to prevent ovulation Surgical methods = Permanent solutions like tubal ligation or vasectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

<p>HIV/AIDS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early detection of STIs is crucial for effective treatment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Various __________ options are available for contraception, such as pills and IUDs.

<p>contraceptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assisted reproductive technique involves injecting a sperm directly into the ovum?

<p>Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial insemination can be performed only with sperm collected from a husband.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of using assisted reproductive technologies?

<p>To help couples conceive and have children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of embryos with more than 8 blastomeres is done during __________.

<p>intra uterine transfer (IUT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the accessibility of assisted reproductive technologies?

<p>They require high precision handling and are limited in availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after two years of unprotected sexual cohabitation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the emotional and social factors that can deter couples from using assisted reproductive technologies?

<p>Emotional, religious, and social factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional benefit do condoms provide aside from preventing conception?

<p>They protect against STIs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IUDs are only available as hormone-releasing devices.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a popular brand of male condom?

<p>Nirodh</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ are inserted into the uterus through the vagina for contraception.

<p>Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following increases the contraceptive efficiency of diaphragms?

<p>Spermicidal creams or jellies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condoms are reusable devices.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do copper ions released by Copper T have on sperm?

<p>They suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is considered most dangerous?

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of illegal medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)?

<p>It can be fatal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the method used to determine the sex of an unborn child.

<p>Amniocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which trimester is a medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) considered relatively safe?

<p>First trimester (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sexually transmitted infections can only be transmitted through sexual intercourse.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the common symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

<p>Itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which oral contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy?

<p>They inhibit ovulation and alter cervical mucus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saheli is a daily oral contraceptive that causes several side effects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surgical methods are performed in men and women to prevent further pregnancies?

<p>Vasectomy in men and tubectomy in women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emergency contraceptives should be administered within ______ hours of unprotected intercourse.

<p>72</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following contraceptive methods with their features:

<p>Oral contraceptive pills = Daily intake for 21 days Saheli = Once a week intake Vasectomy = Male sterilization procedure Tubectomy = Female sterilization procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using progestogens in contraception?

<p>Highly effective and longer effective periods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both vasectomy and tubectomy can be easily reversed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main modes of action of contraceptive pills?

<p>Inhibiting ovulation and altering cervical mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of contraceptive?

<p>Soundwave therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is legal for unwanted pregnancies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for inability to conceive after two years of unprotected sexual cohabitation?

<p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be prevented by using __________ during sexual intercourse.

<p>condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following contraceptive methods with their type:

<p>Pills = Hormonal method Condoms = Barrier method IUDs = Intrauterine device Surgical methods = Permanent method</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of untreated STIs?

<p>Infertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All sexually transmitted infections are curable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one precaution to avoid contracting STIs.

<p>Avoid sexual intercourse with unknown partners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to promote social responsibility in society regarding reproductive health?

<p>Create awareness of issues like sex abuse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amniocentesis is allowed for fetal sex-determination under legal regulations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of providing education about reproductive health to adolescents?

<p>To lead a reproductively healthy life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The oral contraceptive ________ was developed by scientists at CDRI in Lucknow.

<p>Saheli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive health practices with their objectives:

<p>Breastfeeding = Promotes infant health Mass immunization = Prevents childhood diseases Contraception education = Reduces unwanted pregnancies Post-natal care = Ensures mother and child well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a crucial feature for the successful implementation of reproductive health action plans?

<p>Strong infrastructural facilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no need for ongoing research in reproduction-related areas as existing methods are sufficient.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Education on available birth control options can help promote ________ family sizes.

<p>desired</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act?

<p>To legalize the termination of pregnancies under certain conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraceptives are always necessary for maintaining reproductive health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two opinions required for a pregnancy termination between 12 to 24 weeks?

<p>Two registered medical practitioners' opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their implications for pregnancy termination:

<p>Risk to the life of the pregnant woman = Legal ground for MTP Substantial risk of child suffering from physical conditions = Legal ground for MTP Personal reasons for delaying pregnancy = Not a legal ground for MTP Pregnancy lasted over 24 weeks = Not permissible for MTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible ill-effect of contraceptive methods?

<p>Breakthrough bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MTP is only performed in medical emergencies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a risk to a woman's mental health during pregnancy classify as under the MTP Act?

<p>A legal ground for abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method based on periodic abstinence?

<p>Abstaining from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lactational amenorrhea method can be effective for more than six months after parturition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary advantage of natural contraceptive methods?

<p>Minimal or no side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

In barrier methods of contraception, the primary aim is to prevent the meeting of the ovum and ________.

<p>sperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of contraceptives includes methods like oral contraceptives and injectables?

<p>Hormonal methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraceptive methods that involve surgery are completely reversible.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one common type of barrier method of contraception.

<p>Condom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in preventing social evils related to reproductive health?

<p>Awareness about reproductive health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A statutory ban on amniocentesis aims to reduce the occurrence of female foeticides.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one important aspect of post-natal care.

<p>Breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm as a contraceptive method?

<p>To block the cervix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copper-releasing IUDs enhance the motility of sperms in the uterus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research on reproduction-related areas is encouraged by __________ and non-governmental agencies.

<p>governmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Down syndrome = A genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability Haemophilia = A genetic disorder that affects blood clotting Sickle-cell anemia = A genetic disorder that affects hemoglobin Infertility = The inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of hormone-releasing IUD.

<p>Progestasert</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a responsibility regarding birth control?

<p>Educating couples about available birth control options (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condoms are often used as a barrier method to prevent the entry of __________ into the female reproductive tract.

<p>sperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Massive child immunization programs have no impact on population health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Successful implementation of reproductive health action plans requires strong __________ facilities.

<p>infrastructural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using condoms?

<p>They are reusable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IUDs can only be inserted by a trained medical professional.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of spermicide when used with barrier methods?

<p>To increase contraceptive efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial insemination can correct infertility due to low sperm counts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of assisted reproductive technologies (ART)?

<p>To help couples conceive and have children</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of injecting sperm directly into the ovum is known as __________.

<p>Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following assisted reproductive technologies with their descriptions:

<p>ZIFT = Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer IUT = Intra Uterine Transfer AI = Artificial Insemination GIFT = Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cost of assisted reproductive technologies is correct?

<p>Their benefits are limited to a small number of people due to high costs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All assisted reproductive technologies are available in many centers across the country.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement(s) about contraceptives is correct?

<p>Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one emotional factor that may deter couples from using assisted reproductive technologies.

<p>Fear of failure or societal stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amniocentesis is legal in the country for sex determination purposes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method to help assist infertile couples in having children.

<p>In vitro fertilization (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the key reasons for population explosion is ________.

<p>lack of family planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major risk associated with illegal Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)?

<p>High likelihood of complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are often severe and very noticeable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the increase in illegal MTPs?

<p>Unwanted pregnancies due to unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can also be transmitted by sharing __________.

<p>injection needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following STIs with their primary characteristics:

<p>HIV = Can lead to AIDS Gonorrhoea = Causes burning sensation during urination Syphilis = Includes skin rashes as a symptom Genital herpes = Causes painful sores in the genital area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following STIs is often considered the most dangerous?

<p>HIV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most STIs, except for a few, are completely curable with proper treatment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to ensure the safety of MTP procedures?

<p>Illegal abortions performed by unqualified practitioners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of oral contraceptive pills?

<p>To inhibit ovulation and implantation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progestogens can be administered in the form of injections or implants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure for male sterilization called?

<p>Vasectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emergency contraceptive methods are recommended to be used within _____ hours of unprotected intercourse.

<p>72</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Saheli is correct?

<p>It is a non-steroidal contraceptive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tubectomy has a high reversibility rate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering progestogens within 72 hours of intercourse?

<p>To prevent possible pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reproductive health encompass according to the World Health Organisation?

<p>Emotional and social aspects of reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The family planning programs in India were first initiated in 1961.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major task of Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes?

<p>Creating awareness about reproduction-related aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of __________ in schools aims to provide accurate information about reproductive health.

<p>sex education</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of reproductive health?

<p>Intellectual development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reproductive health solely focuses on the physical aspects of reproduction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents and teachers play in reproductive health education?

<p>They help disseminate information about reproduction-related aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to reproductive health issues?

<p>Lack of awareness regarding STDs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effective reproductive health education can help in controlling population growth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Saheli' contraceptive?

<p>It is an oral contraceptive for females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improper use of amniocentesis can lead to __________ of female fetuses.

<p>female foeticide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive health practices with their benefits:

<p>Breastfeeding = Nourishes the infant and boosts immunity Post-natal care = Supports the mother's recovery Child immunization = Prevents serious infectious diseases Contraception = Helps manage family size</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of support is essential for successful implementation of reproductive health action plans?

<p>Strong infrastructural facilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Massive child immunization programs help in reducing population growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two key issues that require awareness to build a healthy society?

<p>Uncontrolled population growth and sex-related crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of reproductive health awareness programs?

<p>To prevent sexually transmitted infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is illegal in most countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the inability to conceive after two years of unprotected sexual cohabitation?

<p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of __________ during intercourse can significantly reduce the risk of contracting STIs.

<p>condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication associated with sexually transmitted infections?

<p>Infertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a serious complication resulting from untreated STIs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advanced reproductive technology is commonly known as the 'Test Tube Baby' program?

<p>In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is considered safe during the first trimester.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infections transmitted through sexual intercourse are referred to as _________.

<p>sexually transmitted infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sexually transmitted infections with their characteristics:

<p>Gonorrhoea = Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Syphilis = Caused by Treponema pallidum Genital Herpes = Caused by herpes simplex virus Chlamydiasis = Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dangerous trend associated with amniocentesis?

<p>It is sometimes misused for sex determination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

STIs can only be transmitted through sexual intercourse.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two common symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

<p>Itching and fluid discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a consequence of untreated STIs?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infertility is often solely the fault of the female partner.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of assisted reproductive technology mentioned in the content?

<p>In vitro fertilization (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The absence of symptoms in early stages of infection can lead to __________ in infected individuals.

<p>complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following complications of STIs with their descriptions:

<p>Pelvic Inflammatory Disease = An infection of the female reproductive organs Ectopic Pregnancy = Pregnancy occurring outside the uterus Infertility = Inability to conceive after trying for a year Stillbirth = Death of a baby at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended preventive measure against STIs?

<p>Using condoms during intercourse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals aged 15-24 are at a higher risk of contracting STIs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of couples worldwide face infertility issues?

<p>A large number of couples</p> Signup and view all the answers

Family planning programs in India were initiated in 1951 to improve reproductive health.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major tasks under the Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes?

<p>Creating awareness and providing facilities for a reproductively healthy society</p> Signup and view all the answers

Education about reproductive health can help reduce _________________ related misconceptions.

<p>myths</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of reproductive health with their descriptions:

<p>Physical = Normal function of reproductive organs Emotional = Mental well-being related to sexuality Behavioral = Actions and norms regarding sexual practices Social = Interactions within a community's reproductive issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant benefit of creating awareness about reproductive health?

<p>Enhanced reproductive health and reduced spread of STIs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only governmental agencies are responsible for disseminating reproductive health information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be encouraged in schools to provide correct information about reproductive health?

<p>Sex education</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is part of Natural/Traditional contraceptives?

<p>Periodic abstinence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lactational amenorrhea method is effective for as long as the mother breastfeeds her child.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of problems are addressed by educating people about reproductive health?

<p>Uncontrolled population growth and social evils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of an ideal contraceptive method?

<p>To be user-friendly, effective, reversible, and have the least side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method where the male partner withdraws his penis just before ejaculation is known as ________.

<p>coitus interruptus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amniocentesis is primarily used for testing genetic disorders.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the 'Saheli' contraceptive developed in India?

<p>It aims to provide a reliable oral contraceptive option for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major drawback of Natural/Traditional contraceptive methods?

<p>Potential for user error (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Educating adolescents about safe and __________ sexual practices is essential for reproductive health.

<p>hygienic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Barrier methods can be used only by males.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive health programs with their objectives:

<p>Statutory ban on amniocentesis = Preventing female foeticides Massive child immunisation = Improving child health Awareness campaigns against STDs = Promoting safe sexual practices Research support in reproduction = Developing new reproductive methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options describes aspects of effective reproductive health care?

<p>Strong infrastructural facilities and professional expertise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a barrier method.

<p>Condom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Education on birth control is only necessary for married couples.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used to address infertility according to the content?

<p>Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of action for hormonal contraceptive pills?

<p>Inhibiting ovulation and altering cervical mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saheli is a daily oral contraceptive that requires administration every day for 21 days.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sterilization procedure performed on females?

<p>tubectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progestogens can be administered in the form of injections or __________.

<p>implants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emergency contraceptives should be administered within how many hours of unprotected intercourse?

<p>72 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reversibility of sterilization procedures like vasectomy and tubectomy is high.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do progestogens serve in contraception?

<p>inhibit ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest week during pregnancy in which a woman can terminate her pregnancy on the opinion of one registered medical practitioner?

<p>12 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) can only be performed if a woman is in critical health condition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two opinions required if a pregnancy has lasted more than 12 weeks but fewer than 24 weeks?

<p>Two registered medical practitioners must agree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The act that allows medical termination of pregnancy was legalized in __________.

<p>1971</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) with their definitions:

<p>Induced Abortion = Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy Medical Practitioners = Professionals qualified to advise on abortions Legalization = Formal approval by law for a procedure Female Foeticide = Illegal practice of aborting female fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason that can justify the medical termination of a pregnancy?

<p>Risk to life or grave injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential ill-effects of contraceptive methods that should not be ignored?

<p>Nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding, breast cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The widespread use of contraceptives is solely beneficial for population control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is considered safe during the second trimester.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sexually transmitted infections are also known as __________ diseases.

<p>venereal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions can help reverse the trend of illegal MTPs?

<p>Providing effective counselling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most sexually transmitted infections are curable when detected and treated early.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major risks associated with performing MTP illegally?

<p>Infection or death due to unsafe procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of reproductive health education for adolescents?

<p>Understanding puberty and safe sexual practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saheli is an oral contraceptive developed specifically for males.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of amniocentesis help to test for?

<p>Genetic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Awareness of the problems due to uncontrolled population growth can help build a __________ society.

<p>socially responsible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of breastfeeding?

<p>Provides essential nutrients to the baby (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Professional expertise is unnecessary for effective reproductive health care.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one program implemented to combat female foeticides?

<p>Statutory ban on amniocentesis for sex-determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested reason for population explosion?

<p>Decreased mortality rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spontaneous abortions can happen naturally.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method suggested to assist infertile couples to have children.

<p>In vitro fertilization (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To prevent contracting STDs, one must use __________ during sexual activity.

<p>condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum period during which a pregnancy can be terminated based on the opinion of one registered medical practitioner?

<p>12 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is legal in India since 1971.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition allows for the termination of pregnancy if it lasts more than 12 weeks but less than 24 weeks?

<p>The opinion of two registered medical practitioners must be that the required grounds exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intentional termination of pregnancy before full term is known as ________.

<p>medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a ground for the termination of pregnancy?

<p>The pregnancy involves a risk to the life of the mother (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risks with their descriptions:

<p>Nausea = A common side effect of some contraceptives Abdominal pain = Can occur after medical termination of pregnancy Breast cancer = A potential long-term risk concern Irregular menstrual bleeding = Examples of side effects associated with contraceptives</p> Signup and view all the answers

The widespread use of contraceptives contributes to unchecked population growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of medical terminations of pregnancy (MTPs) performed globally each year?

<p>Approximately 45 to 50 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of an ideal contraceptive?

<p>It should be user-friendly and effective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural contraceptive methods have a high chance of failure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the method that prevents conception by avoiding sexual activity during the fertile period?

<p>Periodic abstinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

The withdrawal method is also known as __________.

<p>coitus interruptus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major complication that can result from untreated STIs?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asymptomatic infections in females can lead to serious health complications.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary age group that reports the highest incidence of STIs?

<p>15-24 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which contraceptive method relies on the absence of menstruation during lactation?

<p>Lactational amenorrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the methods of assisted reproductive technologies is __________ fertilization.

<p>in vitro</p> Signup and view all the answers

Barrier methods are only available for women.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the infertility causes with their descriptions:

<p>Physical = Conditions affecting the reproductive system Congenital = Birth defects affecting reproduction Immunological = Reactions resulting from the body’s immune system Psychological = Mental health issues impacting fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is lactational amenorrhea considered effective after parturition?

<p>Up to six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using condoms can reduce the risk of both STIs and unwanted pregnancies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be avoided to prevent STIs?

<p>Engaging in sexual activity with unknown partners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are specialized health care units that help in diagnosing infertility called?

<p>Infertility clinics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk associated with performing illegal Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)?

<p>It can be fatal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MTPs are considered completely safe during the second trimester.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one sexually transmitted infection that is not curable if detected early.

<p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

The legal practice of amniocentesis should not be used for __________.

<p>sex determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sexually transmitted infections with their common characteristics:

<p>Gonorrhoea = Causes painful urination Syphilis = Can cause long-term health issues if untreated Genital Herpes = Leads to recurrent sores Chlamydiasis = Often asymptomatic but treatable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons for performing a Medical Termination of Pregnancy?

<p>To eliminate unwanted pregnancies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be completely cured.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one symptom that is common among sexually transmitted infections?

<p>Itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key reason for educating adolescents about reproductive health?

<p>To promote responsible sexual practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amniocentesis is commonly used to determine the sex of a fetus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of condoms?

<p>Both B and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major health concern addressed by reproductive health education?

<p>Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IUDs are only available as non-medicated devices.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contraceptive method 'Saheli' was developed by scientists in __________.

<p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do copper ions released by CuT have on sperm?

<p>They suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary aim of family planning education?

<p>To manage family size and reproductive health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The popular brand of male condom is called __________.

<p>Nirodh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of IUDs with their characteristics:

<p>Lippes loop = Non-medicated IUD CuT = Copper releasing IUD Progestasert = Hormone releasing IUD LNG-20 = Hormone releasing IUD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Governmental and non-governmental agencies support research in reproduction-related areas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Successful implementation of reproductive health action plans requires strong __________.

<p>infrastructural facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an additional method used with diaphragms to improve contraceptive efficiency?

<p>Spermicidal creams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both male and female condoms are reusable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of diaphragms and cervical caps in contraception?

<p>They block the entry of sperm through the cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of action of oral contraceptive pills?

<p>They inhibit ovulation and alter cervical mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surgical sterilization methods such as vasectomy and tubectomy are easily reversible.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of 'Saheli' as a contraceptive?

<p>It is a once-a-week pill with few side effects and high contraceptive value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method of preventing pregnancy by blocking the fallopian tube in females is known as __________.

<p>tubectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the contraceptive methods with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Pills = Daily oral contraceptives that inhibit ovulation Vasectomy = Male sterilization procedure Emergency contraceptives = Used after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy Implants = Long-acting contraceptive placed under the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long must progestogen or progestogen-estrogen combination pills be taken continuously before a gap?

<p>21 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progestogens are not effective as emergency contraceptives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used for male sterilization?

<p>Vasectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration of pregnancy after which two medical practitioners must agree for termination on specific grounds?

<p>24 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraceptives are mandatory for maintaining reproductive health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of induced abortion as described in the content?

<p>To voluntarily terminate a pregnancy before full term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The government of India legalized MTP in ________ to avoid misuse.

<p>1971</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the grounds for medical termination of pregnancy with their descriptions:

<p>Risk to the life of the pregnant woman = Continuation of pregnancy poses health threats Substantial risk of child suffering = Child would suffer from serious physical or mental disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible ill-effect of contraceptive use?

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

<p>Ectopic pregnancies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The laws regarding medical termination of pregnancy are identical in all countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most people infected with STIs are immediately symptomatic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assisted reproductive technologies (ART)?

<p>To help couples conceive when natural conception is not possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intentional termination of pregnancy is known as ________ abortion.

<p>induced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) are complications that can arise from __________.

<p>untreated STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following complications of untreated STIs with their descriptions:

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease = Inflammation of the female reproductive organs Infertility = Inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse Ectopic pregnancy = Pregnancy occurring outside the uterus Stillbirth = Birth of a baby that has died in the womb</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the highest incidence of STIs?

<p>15-24 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using condoms during coitus can help prevent STIs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one technique commonly associated with assisted reproductive technologies.

<p>In vitro fertilization (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves the collection of ova and sperm to form a zygote in a laboratory environment?

<p>In Vitro Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The GIFT method involves transferring an ovum from a donor into the uterus of another female.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for artificially introducing semen into a female's reproductive tract?

<p>Artificial Insemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the __________.

<p>uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the assisted reproductive technology with its description:

<p>ZIFT = Transfer of zygote into the fallopian tube IUT = Transfer of embryo into the uterus ICSI = Injection of sperm directly into the ovum GIFT = Transfer of gametes into the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge limiting the accessibility of assisted reproductive technologies?

<p>The need for high precision handling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All techniques related to assisted reproductive technologies are affordable to the general public.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specialized procedure directly injects a sperm into an ovum?

<p>Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health risk associated with illegal abortions?

<p>They can be unsafe and potentially fatal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infections that are transmitted through sexual contact are called __________.

<p>sexually transmitted infections (STIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can act as a preventive measure against STIs?

<p>Condom usage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most STIs are curable if detected early and treated properly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the explosive growth of the population in the last century?

<p>Rapid decline in death rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incentives are offered to couples with small families as a measure to control population growth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common contraceptive method mentioned that helps prevent unwanted pregnancies?

<p>Condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Statutory raising of marriageable age for females is to __________ years.

<p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which slogan is commonly associated with promoting smaller families?

<p>Hum Do Hamare Do (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The population growth rate in India was more than 2 percent according to the 2011 census.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a serious consequence of unchecked population growth?

<p>Scarcity of basic resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly referred to as the ‘Test Tube Baby’ Programme?

<p>In Vitro Fertilisation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraceptives are necessary for everyone to maintain reproductive health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is performed to terminate an ______.

<p>unwanted pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Avoiding sexual intercourse with unknown partners can help reduce the risk of contracting STIs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of improved reproductive health care?

<p>Reduced maternal and infant mortality rates, improved STI management, and better fertility assistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial insemination can correct infertility in both male and female partners.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method involves transferring embryos into the uterus after fertilization?

<p>Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

GIFT stands for __________.

<p>Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of assisted reproductive technologies?

<p>Low rates of success (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All assisted reproductive technologies require low precision handling.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of all reproductive techniques mentioned?

<p>To have children</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major complication of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All individuals, regardless of age, are at risk of STIs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one preventive measure to avoid STIs?

<p>Using condoms during sexual intercourse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are the same as natural conception.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common misconception about infertility in couples?

<p>That the female partner is always responsible for infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which contraceptive method involves a once-a-week pill with few side effects?

<p>Saheli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surgical methods of contraception are reversible and can be performed easily.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main reasons progestogens are administered?

<p>Inhibit ovulation and alter cervical mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraceptive pills are typically taken daily for a period of ________ days.

<p>21</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT used for emergency contraception?

<p>Tubectomy surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following procedures with their descriptions:

<p>Vasectomy = Surgical method for male sterilization Tubectomy = Surgical method for female sterilization IUD = Device used to prevent implantation Oral contraceptive pills = Daily pill taken for contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do pills have on cervical mucus?

<p>Thickens it to prevent sperm entry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progestogens can only be administered orally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adolescence

A period of rapid physical and emotional development that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

A group of infections that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

A chronic, life-threatening illness caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system.

Birth Control

Methods used to prevent pregnancy, such as condoms, birth control pills, and other contraceptives.

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Prenatal Care

The care given to a woman during pregnancy, including prenatal check-ups, nutrition guidance, and labor support.

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Amniocentesis

Medical procedures that can detect certain genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities in a developing fetus.

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Female Feticide

The intentional killing of female fetuses, often due to cultural preferences for male children.

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Reproductive Health

The study and practice of promoting reproductive health and well-being, covering a wide range of issues including contraception, family planning, and prevention of STDs.

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Condoms

A thin rubber sheath that covers the penis or vagina during intercourse, preventing sperm from entering the reproductive tract.

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Nirodh

A brand of condom commonly used in India.

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Diaphragm

A barrier method of contraception inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix.

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Intrauterine Device (IUD)

A device inserted into the uterus by a doctor or nurse to prevent pregnancy.

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Copper-releasing IUD (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375)

A type of IUD that releases copper ions, impacting sperm motility and fertilization.

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Hormone-releasing IUD (Progestasert, LNG-20)

A type of IUD that releases hormones, making the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperm.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy foreign substances, like sperm.

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Spermicidal creams, jellies, and foams

Creams, jellies, and foams used with barriers to increase their effectiveness.

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MTP (Medical Termination of Pregnancy)

Medical termination of pregnancy, also known as abortion. This procedure can be used to end an unwanted pregnancy due to various reasons, including unintended pregnancy, contraceptive failure, or health risks.

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MTP safety

MTPs are relatively safe during the first trimester (up to 12 weeks of pregnancy). However, they become riskier in the second trimester.

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Illegal MTPs

Illegal and unqualified practitioners performing MTPs without proper medical training. This is a serious concern as it poses risks to the health and life of the woman.

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Sex-selective MTPs

The use of amniocentesis to determine the sex of the fetus. MTPs are often performed based on the sex of the fetus.

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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Infections or diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse. Examples include Gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and chlamydiasis.

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STIs Transmissible Through Other Means

A group of STIs that can also be transmitted through sharing of needles, blood transfusion, or from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy.

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STIs: Treatment and Symptoms

Most STIs are curable if detected early and treated properly. Early symptoms are often minor and include itching, discharge, pain, and swelling in the genital region.

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HIV Infection

A serious STI caused by the HIV virus, which can lead to AIDS. It is most dangerous among STIs.

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What are STIs?

Infections spread primarily through sexual contact.

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Why are some STIs hard to detect?

They may not show any symptoms, making it harder to detect and treat.

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How does social stigma impact STI treatment?

Social stigma and fear of judgment can discourage people from seeking help, leading to complications.

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What are potential complications of untreated STIs?

A group of serious health problems that can develop if an STI is left untreated.

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What is infertility?

The inability to conceive a child despite unprotected sexual intercourse.

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What are some causes of infertility?

Conditions like physical problems, diseases, or even psychological factors can contribute to infertility.

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What are Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)?

Techniques that assist couples in achieving pregnancy when natural conception is difficult.

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What is in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

A method where fertilization occurs outside the body, in a laboratory setting.

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In vitro fertilization

A laboratory method where sperm and egg are combined under simulated conditions to form a zygote, which can then be implanted into the fallopian tube (for early embryos) or the uterus (for later embryos).

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Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A procedure where sperm is injected directly into the egg in a laboratory setting. This is often used in cases of male infertility.

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Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

A procedure where a donor egg is placed into the fallopian tube of a woman who cannot produce her own eggs, but can provide a fertile environment.

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Intra-uterine insemination (IUI)

A procedure where sperm (either from the husband or a donor) is artificially placed directly into the uterus. This is often used in cases of difficulty insemination.

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In vitro fertilization (IVF)

The process of fertilizing an egg outside of the body, usually in a laboratory setting.

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Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

A technique that involves transferring a fertilized egg (zygote) into the fallopian tube of a woman.

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Intra-uterine transfer (IUT)

A technique that involves transferring a very early embryo (with more than 8 blastomeres) into the uterus.

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Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

Any procedure used to help couples conceive, including IVF, IUI, and other assisted reproductive technologies.

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Contraceptives

Practices and methods employed to avoid or delay pregnancy, including natural, traditional, barrier, hormonal, and surgical methods.

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Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

A medical procedure to terminate a pregnancy, often carried out in cases of unwanted pregnancy or when continuation poses risks to the mother or fetus.

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Infertility

A condition characterized by the inability to conceive or produce children after two years of unprotected sexual intercourse. It can be caused by various factors in either or both partners.

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Reproductive health improvement

An overall decline in maternal and infant mortality rates, early detection and treatment of STIs, and assistance to infertile couples, all contribute to improving reproductive health in a society.

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Contraception's role in population management

The potential impact of rapid population growth necessitates the widespread use of contraceptive methods to manage population growth and ensure sustainable access to resources.

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Copper-releasing IUD

A type of IUD that releases copper ions into the uterus, which interfere with sperm motility and fertilization.

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Hormone-releasing IUD

A type of IUD that releases hormones to make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperm.

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Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programmes

Programmes designed to enhance reproductive health by promoting awareness, providing services, and addressing social and emotional aspects of reproduction.

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Sex Education

The act of providing knowledge about sex, reproduction, and related topics to young people to clear misconceptions and promote healthy choices.

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Awareness Creation

The spread of information about reproductive aspects to the public through various media channels.

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Other Modes of STI Transmission

STIs that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact but can also be transmitted through other means such as shared needles, blood transfusions, or from mother to child during pregnancy.

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Early Symptoms of STIs

The early symptoms of most STIs can be mild and may include itching, fluid discharge, pain, or swelling in the genital area.

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Treatment of STIs

Early detection and proper treatment are crucial for the successful management of most STIs.

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How do Contraceptives work?

Contraceptives, like condoms and pills, prevent pregnancy but do not stop the production of sperm or eggs.

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Why is gonad removal not contraception?

Removing gonads, which are the reproductive organs, eliminates the production of sperm or eggs altogether, making it a permanent and irreversible process.

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Why is amniocentesis for sex determination banned?

Amniocentesis, a procedure to check fetal health, reveals the sex of the baby. Banning it prevents sex-selective abortions, protecting female fetuses.

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Is infertility always female-related?

Infertility, the inability to have a child, can be caused by both men and women. It is not always due to problems only in the female partner.

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What are some methods to help infertile couples?

Methods like IVF and IUI help couples who struggle to conceive naturally. They involve manipulating reproductive processes.

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How can infertile couples be helped?

Procedures like IVF and IUI assist couples who struggle to conceive naturally. These methods involve manipulating reproductive processes.

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Why is sex education necessary in school?

It involves providing accurate information about sexual health, reproduction, and related topics to young people. This helps them make informed decisions and avoid risky behaviors.

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What is amniocentesis for sex determination and why is it banned?

A procedure used to determine the sex of a fetus. It is banned in our country to prevent sex-selective abortions and protect female fetuses.

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What are contraceptive methods?

They involve a variety of practices and techniques to prevent pregnancy. These methods can be temporary or permanent, and they are often used to plan family size or avoid unwanted pregnancies.

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Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programmes

A national program in India focusing on improving reproductive health and child health. It aims to educate people about reproductive health, provide family planning services, and improve maternal and child healthcare.

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Artificial Insemination (AI)

A process where semen collected from a donor or the husband is artificially introduced into the vagina or uterus to assist with conception.

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Oral contraceptives (The Pill)

Oral contraceptives, often referred to as "the pill", are a daily regimen of hormones (progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations) that prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation, altering cervical mucus, and hindering implantation.

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Saheli

The "once-a-week" pill, Saheli, is a non-steroidal oral contraceptive that offers high contraceptive efficacy with minimal side effects.

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Injectable/Implantable Contraceptives

Injectable or implantable hormonal contraceptives deliver progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations under the skin, providing a longer-lasting contraceptive effect compared to pills.

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Emergency Contraception

Emergency contraceptives, like "morning-after pills", are hormonal interventions administered within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse to prevent potential pregnancy due to factors like rape or casual unprotected sex.

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Surgical Contraception

Surgical methods, such as vasectomy for men and tubectomy for women, are permanent procedures aimed at blocking gamete transport, thereby preventing conception.

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Vasectomy

Vasectomy, a surgical procedure performed on men, involves severing or tying off a portion of the vas deferens, the tube carrying sperm.

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Tubectomy

Tubectomy, a surgical procedure for women, involves severing or tying off a portion of the fallopian tubes, the pathway for egg travel.

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Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in India, amended in 2017, aims to regulate abortion procedures to minimize illegal abortions and associated maternal health risks.

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RCH (Reproductive and Child Health) Programmes

A set of national programs in India aimed at improving reproductive and child health through education, family planning services, and improved maternal and child healthcare.

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Contraceptive Methods

Practices and methods used to prevent unwanted pregnancies. This includes various options like condoms, birth control pills, and other contraceptives.

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Reproductive Health: What's it all about?

Reproductive health encompasses aspects like safe and hygienic sexual practices, family planning, STI prevention, and access to healthcare services related to pregnancy and childbirth.

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Awareness for Reproductive Health

The spread of information about reproductive health, including safe sex practices, family planning, and STI prevention, is crucial for informed decision-making.

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What are contraceptives?

Contraception is the use of methods to prevent pregnancy. It includes various options like condoms, pills, and surgical procedures, allowing individuals to plan their families.

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What is MTP?

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP), often known as abortion, is a legal medical procedure in India used to terminate an unwanted pregnancy.

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Understanding Infertility

Infertility is the inability to conceive naturally despite consistent unprotected sex for over two years. It can be treated with methods like in-vitro fertilization (IVF).

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What is IVF?

The 'Test Tube Baby' program, also known as IVF, involves fertilizing an egg outside the body, in a lab setting, and then implanting the embryo into the woman's uterus.

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Why is sex education vital?

Sex education in schools provides accurate information about sexuality, reproduction, and related topics, empowering young individuals with knowledge to make healthy choices.

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What is Artificial Insemination (AI)?

It's a procedure where sperm collected from a donor or the husband is introduced into the vagina or uterus artificially to assist with conception.

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What is Intra-uterine insemination (IUI)?

This method involves introducing sperm directly into the uterus, bypassing the need for intercourse.

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Contraception: What is it?

The practice of preventing pregnancy. This involves using various methods like condoms, pills, and other devices to allow people to plan their families.

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What is a condom?

A thin, rubber sheath worn over the penis or vagina during intercourse to prevent sperm from entering the reproductive tract.

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What is an IUD?

A device inserted into the uterus by a doctor or trained nurse to prevent pregnancy. Available in non-medicated, copper-releasing, and hormone-releasing types.

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How does a CuT IUD work?

Copper-releasing IUDs release Cu ions that affect sperm motility and fertilization.

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How does a hormone-releasing IUD work?

Hormone-releasing IUDs release hormones that prevent implantation and make the cervix hostile to sperm.

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How do barrier methods of contraception work?

Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps physically block sperm from entering the uterus.

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What are spermicides?

Spermicidal creams, jellies, and foams are used alongside barrier methods to kill sperm.

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What is Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)?

A medical procedure to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, legal in India and regulated by the MTP Act.

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What are Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programs?

Programs in India focused on improving reproductive health and child health through education, family planning, and improved healthcare.

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Oral Contraceptives

Oral contraceptives are pills taken daily for 21 days to prevent pregnancy. They work by preventing ovulation, altering cervical mucus, and hindering implantation.

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Saheli: The 'Once-a-Week' Pill

The 'once-a-week' pill, Saheli, is a non-steroidal oral contraceptive for women, offering high efficacy and minimal side effects.

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Grounds for MTP (1)

The continuation of a pregnancy poses a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or could cause serious physical or mental harm to her.

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Grounds for MTP (2)

The pregnancy is likely to result in a child with severe physical or mental impairments.

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Contraceptives and Population Management

The use of contraceptive methods to manage population growth and ensure sustainable access to resources.

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Amniocentesis for sex determination

A procedure used to determine the sex of a fetus.

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Copper-releasing IUD (CuT)

A type of IUD that releases copper ions into the uterus, affecting sperm motility and fertilization.

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Periodic Abstinence

A natural method where a couple abstains from intercourse during the fertile window of the menstrual cycle, typically from day 10 to 17.

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When is MTP considered safer?

MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester (up to 12 weeks). The procedure becomes riskier in the second trimester.

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What are illegal MTPs?

Illegal abortions are performed by unqualified practitioners and pose a serious risk to women's health and life. These practices are illegal in India.

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What are sex-selective MTPs?

Sex-selective MTPs involve using amniocentesis to determine the sex of a fetus. They are often performed to terminate female fetuses, which is illegal and unethical.

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How else can STIs spread?

Some STIs, like hepatitis-B and HIV, can also be transmitted through sharing needles, blood transfusion, or from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy.

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How can STIs be treated?

Most STIs are curable if detected early and treated properly. Early symptoms are often minor and may include itching, discharge, pain, or swelling in the genital region.

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ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection)

A technique where sperm is directly injected into an egg in a laboratory setting, used for male infertility issues.

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GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer)

A procedure where a donor's egg is transferred into the fallopian tube of a woman who cannot naturally produce eggs, providing a fertile environment for fertilization.

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ZIFT (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer)

The transfer of a fertilized egg (zygote) into the fallopian tube, allowing for early embryo development.

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IUT (Intra Uterine Transfer)

The transfer of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus to complete development.

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What are surgical methods of contraception?

Surgical methods, such as vasectomy for men and tubectomy for women, are permanent procedures that prevent conception by blocking the transport of sperm or eggs. These methods are often considered irreversible.

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Is infertility always due to female problems?

Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after a certain period of unprotected sexual intercourse. This condition can affect both men and women, and it is not always due to problems in the female partner alone. Various factors can contribute to infertility.

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What is reproductive health?

Reproductive health encompasses physical, emotional, social, and behavioural well-being related to the reproductive system.

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What are RCH Programs?

India's national program aimed at improving reproductive and child health through education, family planning services, and healthcare.

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What are oral contraceptives?

Oral contraceptives, or "the pill", are daily doses of hormones (progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations) that prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation, changing cervical mucus, and hindering implantation.

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What is Saheli?

Saheli is a "once-a-week" pill that is non-steroidal. It offers high contraceptive value with very few side effects.

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What are emergency contraceptives?

Emergency contraceptives, also known as "morning-after pills", are hormonal treatments given within 72 hours of unprotected sex to prevent potential pregnancy. They are used in situations like rape or casual unprotected intercourse.

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What is surgical contraception?

Surgical methods, such as vasectomy for men and tubectomy for women, are permanent procedures that block gamete transport, preventing conception.

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What is vasectomy?

Vasectomy is a surgical procedure performed on men, involving severing or tying off a portion of the vas deferens (the tube that carries sperm).

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What is tubectomy?

Tubectomy is a surgical procedure done on women, involving cutting or tying off a portion of the fallopian tubes (the pathway for eggs to travel).

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What is the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act?

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act was amended in 2017 in India, aiming to regulate abortion procedures and reduce illegal abortions and their associated risks.

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How do contraceptives help with population management?

Contraception plays a critical role in managing population growth.

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Complications from STIs

STIs can be asymptomatic in early stages, leading to delayed detection and treatment, with complications like pelvic inflammatory diseases and infertility.

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Causes of Infertility

Infertility can be caused by various factors, including physical conditions, diseases, drugs, and psychological factors.

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Why is sex education important?

Sex education in schools provides accurate information about sexuality, reproduction, and related topics. This empowers youth to make informed choices about their sexual health and well-being.

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What is contraception?

Contraception refers to various methods used to prevent pregnancy. These methods can be temporary or permanent, including condoms, pills, and surgical options.

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Why are safe and hygienic sexual practices important?

Safe and hygienic sexual practices are essential for protecting oneself and one's partner from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies.

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What is family planning?

Family planning involves using contraceptives to control the number and spacing of children, enabling individuals to plan their families responsibly.

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Why is amniocentesis controversial?

Amniocentesis is a procedure that involves analyzing amniotic fluid during pregnancy to detect certain genetic disorders, but it's banned for sex determination to prevent female feticide.

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What is birth control?

Birth control refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy, such as condoms, birth control pills, and other contraceptives.

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What is the MTP Act?

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in India, amended in 2017, aims to regulate abortion procedures to minimize illegal abortions and associated maternal health risks.

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MTP Act

The legal framework in India that regulates abortion procedures. It aims to minimize unsafe illegal abortions and protect women's health.

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Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus)

A natural method of contraception where the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina before ejaculation.

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Barrier Methods

A method of contraception relying on physically blocking sperm from reaching the egg. Examples include condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps.

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What is Adolescence?

A period in a person's life when they develop physically and emotionally, transitioning from childhood to adulthood. It's time for major changes in your body.

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What is Sterilization?

The removal of the testes in men or ovaries in women, leading to permanent sterility and the inability to produce sperm or eggs.

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What are natural methods of contraception?

Natural methods of contraception rely on avoiding the meeting of sperm and egg. Periodic abstinence is one such method, where couples abstain from intercourse during the fertile window (typically days 10-17) of the menstrual cycle.

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What is the withdrawal method?

Withdrawal or coitus interruptus involves the male partner withdrawing his penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. It's a less reliable method compared to others.

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How do barrier methods work?

Barrier methods physically block sperm from reaching the egg. Examples include condoms (male and female) and diaphragms, which are placed over the cervix.

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How do copper-releasing IUDs work?

Copper-releasing IUDs (CuT) release copper ions into the uterus that affect sperm motility and fertilization.

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How do hormone-releasing IUDs work?

Hormone-releasing IUDs release hormones that prevent implantation and make the cervix hostile to sperm.

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How do injectable and implantable contraceptives work?

Injectable or implantable contraceptives deliver hormones under the skin, providing a longer-lasting contraceptive effect compared to pills.

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Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)

Techniques used to assist couples in achieving pregnancy when natural conception is difficult. Examples include IVF, IUI, and GIFT.

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Why is amniocentesis banned?

Amniocentesis is a procedure used to determine the sex of a fetus in the womb. It's banned in our country to prevent female feticide, which is the discriminatory killing of female fetuses due to a preference for male children.

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MTP Act in India

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in India regulates abortions to minimize illegal procedures and related risks to the woman.

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Grounds for Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

Reasons for terminating a pregnancy, including risks to the woman's life or serious harm to her physical or mental health.

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What are Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)?

These devices are inserted into the uterus by a doctor or nurse and prevent pregnancy by blocking sperm from reaching the egg.

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What are condoms?

Condoms are barriers made of thin latex that cover the penis in the male or the vagina and cervix in the female.

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Why is the use of condoms on the rise?

The use of condoms has increased in recent years due to their ability to protect users from contracting STIs and AIDS.

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AI (Artificial Insemination)

A method of artificial insemination where semen is artificially introduced into the vagina or uterus of the female.

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ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies)

Techniques designed to help couples conceive when natural conception is challenging, including IVF, IUI, and other methods.

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IUI (Intra Uterine Insemination)

A procedure where sperm (from the husband or a donor) is artificially introduced into the uterus.

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Asymptomatic STIs

A condition where a person is infected with an STI but shows no or very mild symptoms, making it difficult to detect.

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Inflammation and infection of the reproductive organs in women, often caused by untreated STIs. It can lead to serious complications like infertility.

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Complications of Untreated STIs

The potential complications of untreated STIs include pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, or even cancer of the reproductive tract.

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Importance of STI Prevention

STIs are a major threat to a healthy society, and therefore prevention or early detection and cure of these diseases are given prime consideration under the reproductive health-care programmes.

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High Incidence of STIs in Youth

Though all persons are vulnerable to these infections, their incidences are reported to be very high among persons in the age group of 15-24 years.

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How do injectable/implantable contraceptives work?

Injectable or implantable contraceptives are long-lasting methods that release progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations under the skin. These have a longer effect than pills.

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What are surgical contraceptives?

Surgical methods, like vasectomy for men and tubectomy for women, are permanent procedures that block sperm or eggs from traveling, preventing conception.

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Population Explosion

The rapid increase in population size caused by improved health conditions and reduced mortality rates. This puts a strain on resources.

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Population Stabilisation

The government's initiative to encourage families to have fewer children using various methods of birth control. This helps manage population growth and ensure resources for everyone.

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Study Notes

Reproductive Health

  • Reproductive health encompasses the total well-being in all aspects of reproduction (physical, emotional, behavioral, and social), according to the WHO.
  • A reproductively healthy society has normal reproductive organs, and healthy emotional and behavioral interactions related to sexual aspects.
  • India initiated national-level family planning programs in 1951, periodically assessing their effectiveness; these programs have expanded over time to include wider aspects of reproductive health.
  • Creating awareness around various reproductive aspects, including safe practices and knowledge about STIs, is vital for reproductive health. Proper information is crucial to avoid misconceptions and address societal needs.
  • Creating awareness and providing facilities to build a reproductively healthy society are key aspects of national programs, covering diverse aspects and addressing wider societal needs.
  • Reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction.

Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies

  • India was one of the first countries to establish national-level programs for total reproductive health goals, viewing it as a significant social goal.
  • These programs, called family planning programs, were initiated in 1951, and reviewed periodically, expanding over the years to encompass more comprehensive aspects of reproductive health. Programs have broadened to cover wider societal needs.
  • Increased health facilities and improved living conditions have led to a significant increase in population growth, necessitating strategies that address and influence population growth.
  • Action plans and programs were implemented to achieve total reproductive health, recognizing it as a social goal.
  • Family planning programs were periodically assessed, with the aim to improve and broaden the programs’ coverage of wider aspects, acknowledging updated research, experience, and changing societal values.

Population Stabilization and Birth Control

  • World population grew rapidly from 2 billion in 1900 to 7.2 billion in 2011; India's population also experienced substantial growth since independence, rising from approximately 350 million to over 1.2 billion by 2011 due in part to rising populations in the reproductive age bracket and declining mortality rates.
  • Decreased mortality rates, and increased reproductive-age individuals contributed to this growth; these trends are factors requiring public health interventions to address potential population pressures.
  • To address population growth, smaller families are prioritized through encouragement of family planning and usage of contraceptives, acknowledging the various factors impacting reproductive health.
  • Appropriate and user-friendly contraceptives are crucial. Methods include natural/traditional methods, barrier methods, IUDs, oral contraceptives, injectables, implants, and surgical procedures (vasectomy, tubectomy).
  • Campaigns, advocating smaller families, and promoting the use of contraceptives are important strategies for population stabilization.
  • The "Hum Do Hamare Do" campaign promotes small families.
  • Raising marriageable ages is a strategy used to curb population growth; incentives for smaller families are offered.
  • Improved reproductive health leads to reduced maternal and infant mortality rates, enabling more people to live longer; better detection and treatment of STIs are vital; enhanced medical facilities, including assisted deliveries, better postnatal care, and treatment for STIs contribute to reproductive health.
  • Development of new contraceptives, like Saheli in India, showcases advancements in reproductive health, a crucial measure in reproductive health programs.
  • Increased access and availability of family planning resources and better post-natal support are crucial strategies for a healthy society.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

  • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as venereal diseases (VDs) or reproductive tract infections (RTIs), can be transmitted through sexual contact and other means; this means awareness and education about STIs is crucial.
  • Common STIs include gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydia, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS (discussed further in Chapter 7).
  • Early detection is crucial for complete cure, as some infections can be asymptomatic; treatment is possible for most STIs when detected early.
  • Prevention is key through safe sexual practices, avoiding multiple partners, and consistent condom use. Education about STIs and safe sexual practices is vital.
  • STIs can also be transmitted through shared needles, blood transfusions, or from a mother to her child during pregnancy and birth.
  • Proper treatment for STIs and preventive action to curb the spread of the infections are vital community health measures for reproductive wellness.

Infertility

  • Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after unprotected sexual intercourse for two years, affects many couples around the world.
  • Causes of infertility can be diverse, including physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological, and even psychological issues; these need careful assessment for appropriate treatment.
  • Medical assistance is available using assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Test-tube baby (IVF), intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT), and intrauterine insemination (IUI) are used; availability and accessibility may vary regionally.
  • Increased use of medical intervention highlights the importance of accessible and affordable technological solutions to address infertility.
  • Awareness and support of reproductive health are crucial to address societal infertility challenges and support those facing these issues.
  • Continued research on new methods and improvements on existing ones remains important; the use of new technologies like Saheli showcases improvements.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

  • Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), also known as induced abortion, is the intentional termination of a pregnancy before full term.
  • MTPs are conducted in various countries based on legal, ethical, and societal considerations and are often performed in the first trimester (first 12 weeks).
  • India legalized MTP in 1971 to help control indiscriminate and illegal abortions and reduce associated maternal risks, recognizing the ethical need to provide safe and legal options for women.
  • Legislation encompassing MTP varies across cultures and contexts, indicating the influence of societal norms and values on healthcare policy.
  • MTPs in the first trimester are often considered safe, but procedures in later trimesters carry greater risk; those at risk require appropriate medical attention and monitoring.
  • Misuse of MTP and unethical practices, such as sex-selective abortions, remain significant problems; social and cultural factors impact acceptability; preventing such misuse is crucial for ensuring ethical procedures.
  • In some cultures, social or religious beliefs shape the legal acceptance and accessibility of MTP, highlighting the importance of societal considerations and upholding legal boundaries.
  • Misuse of procedures such as amniocentesis to determine the sex of the unborn child raises serious concerns and is legally restricted in many countries, highlighting the ethical implications involved and the social significance of such laws.

Summary

  • Reproductive health encompasses the whole well-being in all facets of reproduction, requiring attention and action on multiple fronts.
  • National programs for reproductive health are in place to tackle issues like STIs, contraception, infertility, and MTP; programs aim to proactively address the various needs in reproductive health, factoring in different aspects of society.
  • India has taken significant steps to promote education, healthcare, awareness, and the creation of family planning programs to facilitate greater access to these resources for individuals and society's benefit; wider societal implications of these strategies are significant.
  • The government continues to strive to address challenges of population growth and other issues related to reproductive health for the welfare of both individuals and society, considering the social implications involved as well as the potential for development and improvement of health care.

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