Reproductive Health and Nursing Care

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a sonohysterography?

  • To visually inspect the uterus with a hysteroscope.
  • To detect abnormalities in the uterus using saline and ultrasound. (correct)
  • To assess the patency of the fallopian tubes.
  • To perform a biopsy of the endometrial lining.

During which phase of the menstrual cycle can a sonohysterography be performed?

  • Only during the second half of the cycle.
  • Only during the first half of the cycle.
  • Only during the menstrual flow.
  • At any time during the menstrual cycle. (correct)

Why is a hysterosalpingography typically performed after menstrual flow?

  • To minimize the risk of reflux of menstrual debris into the fallopian tubes. (correct)
  • To prepare the cervix for the introduction of radiopaque material.
  • To enhance visualization of the endometrial lining.
  • To increase the accuracy of the procedure.

What indicates that ovulation has occurred when an endometrial biopsy is performed during the second half of the menstrual cycle?

<p>The presence of a corkscrew shape of the endometrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a uterine endometrial biopsy typically performed in relation to the menstrual cycle?

<p>2-3 days before the expected menstrual flow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a contraindication for performing a uterine endometrial biopsy?

<p>Suspicion of pregnancy or presence of infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a hysteroscope?

<p>To directly visualize the inside of the uterus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect following a uterine endometrial biopsy?

<p>Spotting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between the terms 'infertility' and 'subfertility' as used in the provided content?

<p>Infertility is an older term, whereas subfertility is a more currently used term indicating a reduced ability to conceive, often requiring medical assistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A couple has been trying to conceive for 10 months, engaging in coitus an average of 4x per week, what is the likelihood of conceiving within the next two months, according to the content?

<p>They have a 15% chance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate definition of 'sterility' according to the provided lesson?

<p>The inability to conceive due to a known condition, such as the absence of a uterus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a couple is engaging in intercourse 4 times a week, within what timeframe would 50% of couples expect to conceive?

<p>Within 6 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would be best classified as 'sterility'?

<p>A woman who has had surgical removal of the uterus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, what is the typical timeline for 85% of couples to conceive when engaging in regular coitus?

<p>Within 12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A couple has been actively trying to conceive without success for 12 months; which term BEST describes their state?

<p>Subfertile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of reproductive health, what does subfertility primarily suggest?

<p>The potential to conceive but with more difficulty, often requiring interventions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum sperm count per milliliter of semen generally considered within a normal range?

<p>33 to 46 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A couple has been trying to conceive for 1.5 years without success, after having a child 3 years ago. What type of subfertility are they most likely experiencing?

<p>Secondary subfertility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can directly increase the temperature within the testes, potentially disrupting spermatogenesis?

<p>Varicocele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is least likely to influence a disruption of sperm production?

<p>Regular moderate exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who had a vasectomy is experiencing an autoimmune reaction that is affecting their sperm. What is most likely the outcome of this issue?

<p>Immobilized sperm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves the inflammation of the testicles due to the mumps virus, possibly leading to scarring?

<p>Mumps orchitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common cause of erectile dysfunction?

<p>High calcium intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where a male has never been able to achieve an erection or ejaculation?

<p>Primary erectile dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a diagnosis of Turner Syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to be impacted by this condition?

<p>Ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive amounts of which hormone is most associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common condition can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes causing tubal transport problems?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are IUD users at higher risk for fallopian tube infections?

<p>IUD use allows for easier entry of bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the pH of the vagina to become too acidic, hindering sperm motility?

<p>Vaginal infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a thickening of the cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to penetrate?

<p>Cervical inflammation/infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bits of endometrium growing on the external pelvic organs such as fallopian tubes is known as what disease?

<p>Endometriosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of laparoscopy in subfertility management?

<p>To correct underlying problems by visualizing and addressing issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle adjustment is recommended to increase sperm count?

<p>Avoid prolonged hot baths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible medical intervention for addressing low sperm count?

<p>Abstaining from coitus for 7-10 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does assisted reproductive technology include?

<p>Intrauterine insemination and IVF techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone therapy is commonly used for ovulation disturbances?

<p>GnRH therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does laparoscopy play in In Vitro Fertilization?

<p>It is used to extract oocytes from the ovaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor could negatively affect sperm motility?

<p>Prolonged hot baths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected average time required to achieve conception with assisted reproductive methods?

<p>6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering bromocriptine in fertility treatments?

<p>To reduce prolactin levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication combination is derived from postmenopausal urine and used in conjunction with hCG?

<p>Human menopausal gonadotropins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated for the use of low-dose estrogen therapy?

<p>Scant vaginal secretions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT), where does fertilization occur?

<p>In the fallopian tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using progesterone vaginal suppositories during the luteal phase?

<p>To support early pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the success rate of re-anastomosis surgery for ligated fallopian tubes?

<p>Success rate is 70%-80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for performing Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?

<p>Blocked fallopian tubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fertilized eggs transferred in Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)?

<p>By laparoscopic technique (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the Assisted Reproductive Technique that involves instilling sperm into the female reproductive tract to enhance conception?

<p>Therapeutic Insemination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves retrieving ova and then combining them with sperm using a laparoscopic procedure in the fallopian tubes?

<p>Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves the retrieval of oocytes via ultrasound-guided aspiration followed by laboratory insemination?

<p>In Vitro Fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assisted reproductive technique requires laparoscopic surgery to place fertilized eggs into the fallopian tubes?

<p>Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Therapeutic Insemination in assisted reproductive techniques?

<p>To directly introduce sperm into the reproductive tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is characterized by the combination of sperm and ova immediately after retrieval in the fallopian tubes?

<p>Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which procedure is the sperm introduced into the reproductive tract without the fertilization occurring in vitro?

<p>Therapeutic Insemination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive technology is employed to potentially enhance fertilization by directly instilling sperm into the female reproductive tract?

<p>Therapeutic Insemination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infertility

The inability to conceive a child or sustain a pregnancy to birth.

Subfertility

A more common term used to describe a couple's decreased ability to conceive naturally, even though they have the potential to do so.

Sterility

Inability to conceive due to a known medical condition, such as the absence of a uterus.

Laparoscopy

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a thin, lighted tube through a small incision in the abdomen.

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Subfertility Management

A range of medical interventions aimed at helping couples overcome challenges in conceiving.

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Correction of Underlying Problems

Treatments focusing on addressing underlying medical issues that may be causing difficulties with conception.

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Increasing Sperm Count and Motility

Techniques designed to improve sperm count and movement, key factors in successful fertilization.

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Therapeutic Insemination

A procedure where sperm is directly deposited into the female reproductive tract to increase chances of fertilization.

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Intracervical Insemination

A type of therapeutic insemination where sperm is placed directly into the cervix.

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Intrauterine Insemination

A type of therapeutic insemination where sperm is placed directly into the uterus.

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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A complex technique involving fertilization of an egg by sperm outside the body, followed by transfer of the embryo to the uterus.

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Uterine Endometrial Biopsy

A procedure that uses a thin probe and forceps to obtain a sample of the uterine lining, typically done to assess ovulation or investigate abnormal bleeding.

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Sonohysterography

A technique that involves filling the uterus with sterile saline solution to visualize its internal structure using an ultrasound.

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Hysterosalpingography

A test that uses an iodine-based dye to visualize the uterus and fallopian tubes through X-ray imaging.

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Hysteroscopy

A procedure that uses a specialized instrument called a hysteroscope to visually inspect the inside of the uterus.

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Secondary Sexual Characteristics

The presence of secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and the onset of menstruation, indicates maturity and proper pituitary function.

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Thyroid Examination

This check assesses the overall health of the thyroid gland, which plays a vital role in regulating metabolism and hormone production.

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Pap Smear

A procedure that involves taking a swab of cells from the cervix to screen for cancer.

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Complete Pelvic Examination

This examination examines the external genitalia, cervix, uterus, and ovaries to evaluate their overall health.

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Primary Erectile Dysfunction

A condition where a man has never been able to achieve an erection and ejaculation.

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Secondary Erectile Dysfunction

A condition where a man has been able to achieve ejaculation in the past but is now unable to.

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Endometriosis

Occurs when bits of the tissue that lines the uterus (endometrium) grow on other pelvic organs, such as the ovaries or fallopian tubes.

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Cryptorchidism

A condition where the testes are not descended into the scrotum.

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Varicocele

A varicosity of the spermatic vein, which can increase the temperature within the testes and disrupt spermatogenesis.

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Anovulation

A condition where a woman produces low levels of estrogen and progesterone, which can disrupt ovulation. This can be caused by various factors, including endocrine disorders, stress, and poor weight management.

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

An infection of the pelvic organs, including the uterus, oviducts, and ovaries, that can lead to scarring in the fallopian tubes.

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Tubal Transport Problems

Scarring in the fallopian tubes can block or hinder the passage of the egg or sperm, making conception more difficult.

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Inadequate Sperm Count

A condition where there is an inadequate amount of normal, healthy sperm produced in the ejaculate.

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Mumps Orchitis

Inflammation and scarring of the testicles caused by the mumps virus.

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Epididymitis

Infection of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle, can cause scarring and obstruction.

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Hypospadias

A condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis.

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Epispadias

A condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the top of the penis.

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Cervical Problems

Infection or inflammation of the cervix can thicken cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to penetrate.

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Uterine Problems

Tumors or fibroids in the uterus can block the fallopian tubes or limit space for implantation.

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Vaginal Problems

Infection of the vagina can cause the pH balance to become acidic, which limits or destroys sperm motility.

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Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

An ART procedure involving the transfer of eggs and sperm directly into the fallopian tube, allowing fertilization to occur naturally.

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Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

An ART procedure where a fertilized egg (zygote) is transferred to the fallopian tube, where it can naturally implant in the uterus.

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Surrogate Embryo Transfer

An ART where a surrogate carries a pregnancy for a couple, using the couple's own eggs and sperm.

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Human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG)

A hormonal treatment that uses a combination of FSH and LH to stimulate ovulation. Often used in conjunction with hCG for women with infertility.

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Bromocriptine (Parlodel)

A medication given to reduce elevated prolactin levels, which can interfere with ovulation. It allows for an increase in gonadotropins and facilitates ovulation.

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Clomiphene or Pergonal

Drugs that induce ovulation by stimulating the ovaries. These drugs can cause multiple follicles to mature and increase the chance of multiple births.

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Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

A method where sperm is directly deposited into the uterus using a catheter, increasing the chances of fertilization.

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Conjugated estrogen (Premarin)

A type of estrogen therapy given to increase vaginal mucus production during the first part of the menstrual cycle, aiding sperm mobility.

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Study Notes

Care of Male and Female Clients with Reproduction and Sexuality

  • Learning Targets: Students will describe causes of difficulty conceiving (subfertility) in men and women, and integrate these causes into nursing practice for quality maternal and child healthcare.

Definitions

  • Infertility: Inability to conceive a child or sustain a pregnancy.
  • Subfertility: Difficulty conceiving, where couples have potential to conceive but less easily; not conceiving after 1 year of unprotected intercourse.
  • Primary Subfertility: No previous pregnancies.
  • Secondary Subfertility: Previous viable pregnancy, but unable to conceive now.
  • Sterility: Inability to conceive due to a known condition, e.g., absent uterus.

Male Subfertility Factors

  • Disturbances in spermatogenesis: Problems with sperm production.
  • Obstructions in seminiferous tubules, ducts, or vessels: Blockages affecting sperm transport.
  • Qualitative and quantitative changes in seminal fluid: Issues with semen quality and quantity that prevent sperm motility.
  • Autoimmunity: The body's immune system attacking sperm.
  • Problems in ejaculation or deposition: Issues with delivering sperm.

Female Subfertility Factors

  • Turner's Syndrome: Hormonal imbalance due to ovary issues.
  • Ovarian Tumors: Abnormal growths in the ovaries.
  • Hypothyroidism: Thyroid gland malfunction.
  • Poor Diet, Exercise and Stress: Affecting hormone levels.
  • General Ill Health: Underlying health conditions.
  • Uterine Problems: Fibroids or tumors obstructing the entrance to the uterus.
  • Tubal Problems: Issues with fallopian tubes, like scarring.
  • Cervical Problems: Issues with the cervix, like infections or stenosis.
  • Vaginal Problems: Issues with the vagina, such as pH imbalance.

Fertility Testing

  • Semen Analysis: Analyzing semen quality and quantity.
  • Sperm Penetration Assay: Assessing sperm ability to penetrate an ovum.
  • Antisperm Antibody Testing: Checking for antibodies harming sperm.
  • Ovulation Monitoring: Tracking ovulation.
  • Ovulation Determination by Test Strip: Testing for LH surge.
  • Ferrell Testing Kit: Testing both FSH (female) and sperm motility (male) for fertility issues.

Advanced Surgical Procedures

  • Uterine Endometrial Biopsy: Examining uterine lining.
  • Hysteroscopy: Visualizing the inside of the uterus.
  • Laparoscopy: Examining pelvic organs through a small incision.

Fertility Management

  • Therapeutic Insemination: Sperm inserted for conception.
  • In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Fertilization outside the body, then transfer to uterus.
  • Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT): Combining eggs/sperm in fallopian tubes.
  • Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT): Placement of fertilized egg in fallopian tube.

Alternative to Childbirth

  • Adoption: Legal process for acquiring a child.
  • Surrogate Mother (s): Woman carrying a pregnancy for another person/couple.

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