Reproductive Health and Equity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant benefit of quitting smoking during the preconception period?

  • It helps in weight reduction.
  • It improves maternal nutritional intake.
  • It enhances physical activity levels.
  • It eliminates most negative impacts on future pregnancies. (correct)

How does exercise contribute to overall health before pregnancy?

  • It promotes unhealthy weight gain.
  • It limits dietary options.
  • It leads to increased mental health issues.
  • It decreases the risk of chronic conditions. (correct)

Why is the preconception period an ideal time for improving nutrition?

  • Healthy eating patterns can help optimize maternal and fetal health. (correct)
  • Dietary changes are less effective during the preconception period.
  • Nutritional needs decrease during pregnancy.
  • It allows for unrestricted junk food consumption.

What role do immunizations play prior to pregnancy?

<p>They protect against infections transmitted to the fetus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the adverse effects of maternal depression and anxiety?

<p>Reduced birth-weight of infants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue highlighted regarding Black maternal mortality in the US?

<p>Black women are more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes health inequities?

<p>Differences in health status due to social conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the need for responsible action to eliminate unfair advantages among groups?

<p>Social Justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reproductive rights include the right to...

<p>Make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reproductive justice emphasize?

<p>The physical and social well-being of women and girls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of health inequities?

<p>Equal distribution of health care providers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contributor to the higher maternal mortality rate among Black women?

<p>Socioeconomic disparities and systemic inequities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between reproductive rights and reproductive justice?

<p>Reproductive justice encompasses broader social and economic factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the placenta in terms of respiration?

<p>Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point in gestation does the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone indicate a positive sign of pregnancy?

<p>4-6 weeks after conception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the beginning of the postpartum period?

<p>Delivery of the placenta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'Gravida'?

<p>A person who is currently pregnant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of pregnancy is defined as the time frame from conception to 14 weeks?

<p>First trimester (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign indicates a probable sign of pregnancy and involves softening of the cervix?

<p>Goodell’s sign (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Late Preterm' refer to in terms of gestation weeks?

<p>34 to 36 weeks and 6 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'Multipara'?

<p>A person who has had two or more pregnancies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?

<p>Blood formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of HBHC Public Health Nurses?

<p>Provide intensive home visits to support families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pregnancy tests is the most widely utilized method?

<p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Nullipara' refer to?

<p>A person who has never been pregnant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which service is NOT provided by HBHC nurses?

<p>Housing assistance and financial support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of gestational age, what is the threshold of viability for the fetus?

<p>22 to 25 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population do pediatric nurses specifically care for?

<p>Children from birth up to age 18 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key function performed by perinatal nurses?

<p>Collaborate with childbearing individuals and families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation occurs in the renal system during pregnancy?

<p>Increased frequency and nocturia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of community service does HBHC assist families in connecting with?

<p>Local health programs and resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common gastrointestinal change during pregnancy?

<p>Morning sickness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which competency is emphasized for nursing graduates in relation to childbearing families?

<p>Core knowledge and skills specific to childbearing families (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is periconceptional care primarily focused on?

<p>Preparation and health assessment before conception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a role of the midwives mentioned?

<p>Conducting fertility treatments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which settings do perinatal nurses typically work?

<p>Hospitals, community, home, and clinics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Doulas/Birth Workers play in perinatal care?

<p>Provide emotional and physical support during labor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following heart rate ranges is considered normal in late pregnancy?

<p>110-160 beats/minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Quadruple screen test performed during the second trimester?

<p>To identify neural tube defects and other abnormalities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is checked during the routine assessment at every visit for a pregnant individual?

<p>Weight, vital signs, and urine analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated nuchal translucency in the first trimester usually indicate?

<p>Increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a routine screening test performed in the first trimester?

<p>Fasting glucose test. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks is the Group B streptococcus test typically performed?

<p>35-37 weeks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of amniocentesis during pregnancy?

<p>Diagnose genetic disorders or congenital anomalies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is essential to monitor fetal health during the third trimester?

<p>Ultrasound. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone levels are evaluated in the Quadruple screen test?

<p>Alpha fetal proteins and inhibin-A. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of perinatal education?

<p>Assisting families in making informed decisions about pregnancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the protocol for breastfeed education typically include?

<p>Physical and emotional changes during pregnancy, and feeding methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication should be monitored for during routine check-ups in pregnancy?

<p>Visual disturbances and headache. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended gestational age range for the first ultrasound?

<p>11-14 weeks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended extra energy intake during the second trimester of pregnancy?

<p>340 kcal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for inducing uterine contractions during labor?

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age does quickening typically occur?

<p>16-22 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is crucial for preventing neural tube defects (NTDs) and should be taken in sufficient amounts before and during pregnancy?

<p>Folic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Relaxin produced during pregnancy?

<p>To relax pelvic muscles and joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining a healthy diet before conception?

<p>To ensure adequate nutrient availability for fetal development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances should be avoided during pregnancy due to potential harm?

<p>Unpasteurized milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should prenatal visits occur for a woman with a normal pregnancy from 28 weeks to 36 weeks' gestation?

<p>Every two weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Progesterone during pregnancy?

<p>Prevents lactation until after pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common discomfort experienced during pregnancy?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dietary supplement for women at high risk for neural tube defects?

<p>1-4 mg of folic acid daily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological change is associated with elevated levels of Prolactin during pregnancy?

<p>Promotes milk production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage should a pregnancy be evaluated for appropriate nutritional intervention?

<p>During the preconception period and pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Health Inequities

Differences in health status or access to healthcare resources among different population groups, often stemming from social factors.

Social Justice

The concept of fairness and justice in the distribution of resources and opportunities, particularly focusing on eliminating unfair advantages some groups have.

Reproductive Rights

The right of individuals to make autonomous decisions about their reproductive health, including family planning, contraception, and access to safe abortion.

Reproductive Justice

The complete well-being of women and girls, achieved when they have the power and resources to make healthy choices about their bodies, sexuality, and reproduction.

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Black Maternal Mortality

The disproportionately high rate of death among Black women during pregnancy or childbirth, compared to other racial groups.

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Maternal and Infant Health Inequities

The disparities in health outcomes and access to healthcare between different racial and ethnic groups, often resulting from societal inequalities.

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Periconceptional Care

The period before conception, during which health interventions can significantly improve the health of the future child.

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Healthy Babies, Healthy Children (HBHC) Program

Public health nurses who provide frequent home visits and support to families during pregnancy and early childhood.

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Perinatal Nurses

Professionals who provide care for pregnant individuals and families from the beginning of their journey to the postpartum period.

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Pediatric Nurses

Healthcare professionals who provide specialized care for infants and children up to 18 years of age.

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Doula

A childbirth professional trained to provide physical, emotional and informational support to individuals during labor, birth, and postpartum.

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ASN Entry-to-Practice Competencies

A set of core competencies that all baccalaureate nursing students in Canada should acquire to provide excellent care to childbearing families.

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Antepartum Care

Specialized care for pregnant individuals and families before the start of pregnancy.

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Core Competencies

The integration of knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for providing high-quality care to childbearing families.

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Health Equity

The goal of ensuring that all individuals have the same opportunities to achieve optimal health outcomes.

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Preconception Period

The time period before conception, where focusing on health and well-being has a significant impact on a future pregnancy and the baby's health.

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Mental Health

A state of mental well-being, characterized by feelings of happiness, contentment, positive self-esteem, and resilience. It plays a crucial role in a woman's overall health, impacting her pregnancy and the baby's development.

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Physical Activity

Regular physical activity that benefits a woman's overall physical and mental health. It helps in managing weight, reducing stress, and preparing for labor.

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Smoking

A significant factor in pre-pregnancy health, as it can have lasting benefits for the mother and the baby.

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Immunizations

The process of acquiring immunity to certain diseases through vaccination, crucial for protecting both the mother and the baby during pregnancy and infancy.

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Antepartum

The period of pregnancy between conception and the onset of labor. It's also known as the prenatal or antenatal period.

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Intrapartum

The period from the onset of true labor to the delivery of the baby and placenta.

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Postpartum

The 6-week period after delivery of the placenta and membranes, during which the mother's body returns to a non-pregnant state.

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First trimester

The first 14 weeks of pregnancy.

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Second trimester

Weeks 14 to 28 of pregnancy.

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Third trimester

Weeks 28 to 40 of pregnancy.

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Viability

The ability of a fetus to survive outside the uterus.

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Preterm

A pregnancy between 20 weeks and 36 weeks 6 days of gestation.

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Late preterm

A pregnancy between 34 weeks 0 days and 36 weeks 6 days of gestation.

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Term

A pregnancy from the beginning of week 37 of gestation to the end of week 40 plus 6 days of gestation.

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Early term

A pregnancy between 37 weeks and 38 weeks 6 days of gestation.

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Full term

A pregnancy between 39 weeks and 40 weeks 6 days of gestation.

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Late term

A pregnancy in the 41st week of gestation.

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Post term

A pregnancy after 42 weeks of gestation.

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GTPAL

A system used to track a woman's pregnancy history, including the number of pregnancies, term births, preterm births, abortions, and living children.

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LMP

The first day of a woman's last menstrual period, used as a starting point for calculating pregnancy due dates.

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Gestational Age

The estimated length of a pregnancy, calculated from the first day of the LMP.

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Fundal Height

The measurement of the size of the uterus from the pubic bone to the top of the uterus, used to estimate gestational age between 22-34 weeks.

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Quickening

The awareness of fetal movements by the pregnant person, usually experienced between 16-22 weeks of gestation.

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Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

A pregnancy hormone that regulates metabolism, freeing up glucose for the fetus and causing insulin resistance.

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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

A pregnancy hormone that stimulates the growth of the uterus, causes the cessation of menstruation, and is involved in the proliferation of the uterus.

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Estrogen

A pregnancy hormone that maintains, controls, and stimulates the production of other pregnancy hormones. It is involved in the development of the lungs, liver, kidneys, placenta, and breast tissue.

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Progesterone

A pregnancy hormone that stimulates the growth of blood vessels, maintains the endometrium for implantation, and prepares the body for labor and lactation.

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Oxytocin

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary, involved in inducing uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

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Prolactin

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, responsible for milk production during breastfeeding and increasing significantly towards the end of pregnancy.

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Relaxin

A hormone mainly produced by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta, involved in relaxing pelvic muscles and joints, preparing the body for birth.

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Social Determinants of Health

The social factors that determine a person's health, including income, education, housing, and access to healthcare.

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Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP)

A nutrition program in Canada that provides funding to community groups to help improve the health of pregnant women, new mothers, and their babies.

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Nutrition Assessment in Pregnancy

An assessment that includes evaluating a woman's weight, dietary intake, and any risk factors that require nutritional intervention during pregnancy.

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Recommended Weight Gain in Pregnancy

The recommended weight gain during pregnancy, which varies depending on the woman's pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI).

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Gravidity

The number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of outcome.

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Parity

The number of live births a woman has had.

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Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (MSAFP)

A blood test that assesses for neural tube defects and open abdominal wall defects.

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Quadruple Screen

A test done between 15-20 weeks gestation to screen for chromosomal abnormalities and other congenital issues.

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Gestational Diabetes

A condition where a woman develops high blood sugar during pregnancy.

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Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screen

A test done to check for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection in the vagina and rectum.

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Non-Stress Test

A test performed during pregnancy to assess the fetus's heart rate and movement.

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Contraction Stress Test

A test done to check for the baby's response to contractions during pregnancy. It can indicate the baby's ability to handle labor.

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Ultrasound

A visual assessment using sound waves to check on the fetus's position, movement, and growth.

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Amniocentesis

The withdrawal of amniotic fluid from the uterus for genetic or chromosomal testing.

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Perinatal Care

A series of interventions and support provided to expectant mothers and families during pregnancy, labor, birth, and postpartum.

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Birth Plan

A written document outlining the expectant mother's preferences for labor, delivery, and postpartum care.

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Non-Pharmacological Pain Management

A method of pain management using non-medicinal techniques, such as massage, relaxation, or breathing exercises.

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Pharmacological Pain Management

A method of pain management that uses medication, such as analgesics or epidurals.

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Newborn Care Education

A program that provides education and support to parents about caring for a newborn.

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Study Notes

Black Maternal Mortality in the U.S.

  • Black women/African American women are 3-4 times more likely to die from pregnancy and childbirth-related complications.

Maternal and Infant Health Inequities

  • Health inequities are differences in health status or distribution of health resources between population groups.
  • These inequalities stem from social conditions impacting birth, growth, living, work, and aging.
  • Health inequities are unfair and can be reduced by government policies.

Social Justice

  • Social justice addresses advantages some groups have over others.
  • It emphasizes understanding root causes of inequality and taking action to eliminate them.

Reproductive Rights

  • Basic reproductive rights include the freedom to decide on family size, spacing, and timing.
  • This also includes accessing information and resources on reproduction without discrimination or coercion.

Reproductive Justice

  • Reproductive justice encompasses the complete well-being of women and girls, requiring economic, social, and political power to make decisions about their bodies, sexuality, and reproduction.

Critical Social Theory Perspective

  • This perspective examines the historical and socio-political factors that create inequities in populations.
  • It analyzes power relationships and structures.
  • It understands health inequities across different levels (micro, meso, and macro).
  • It challenges social injustice and its effects on populations' health.

Critical Race Theory

  • Race is viewed as a social construct, not a biological one.
  • Racism is central to society's systems and institutions.
  • This theory challenges racial disparities by analyzing structures that lead to different health outcomes among racial groups.
  • It reframes health disparities by avoiding pathologizing marginalized communities.

Anti-Indigenous Racism in Perinatal Populations

  • Colonization and the biomedical model (lack of cultural competency) cause gaps in prenatal care.
  • Geographical isolation forces Indigenous women to travel to deliver babies without community support.
  • Pre-2017, federal policies denied women travel companions for childbirth.
  • Now, government supports travel for Indigenous companions but this does not address broader issues of racism and systemic marginalization.

Racial Disparities in Birth Outcomes in Canada

  • Repeated stress due to socioeconomic adversity, political marginalization, and racism affect health.
  • Allostatic load (biological effect of chronic stress) leads to higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, increased cholesterol levels, etc.
  • Higher rate of stillbirths, preterm births, and C-sections in Black women compared to other racial groups.

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Pregnancy

  • Lesbian, gay, and transgender people face discrimination during pregnancy and childbirth.
  • They deserve respectful care during health screenings and wellness.
  • Hormone therapy can affect fertility and require discussion with healthcare providers about birth control and preservation.

Cultural Considerations - Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

  • FGM is practiced in various areas globally.
  • FGM is harmful, involves the partial or total removal of external female genitalia.
  • Health professionals must assess for FGM and treat clients with sensitivity and culturally appropriate practices.

Meaning of Pregnancy

  • Understanding personal meaning of a pregnancy, childbirth and parenthood is key.
  • Exploring societal assumptions about pregnancy & childbirth.
  • Acknowledge the different contexts in which people become parents and the different ways in which they view and experience parenthood.

Trauma and Violence-Informed Care

  • This recognizes the connections between violence, trauma, health outcomes, and behaviours.
  • It aims to minimize harm, re-traumatization, and increase safety, control, and resilience.
  • There is a strong emphasis on recognizing the impact of violence in individuals' lives.

Four Principles for Implementing TVIC Approaches

  • Understand trauma/violence
  • Believe and validate victims' experiences
  • Acknowledge root causes of trauma without probing
  • Recognize and express concerns for people's strengths.
  • Create emotionally and physically safe environments

Cultural Safety and Humility

  • Cultural safety recognizes power imbalances in healthcare.
  • Cultural humility involves self-reflection on bias.
  • This process of awareness helps nurses care for diverse populations with empathy.

Inclusive Language

  • Using inclusive language is important in healthcare settings.
  • This avoids stereotypes and promotes respect for individuals.

Healthy Babies Healthy Children (HBHC) Program

  • This program provides free, voluntary, support to pregnant and parenting families in Canada.

Perinatal and Pediatric Nursing

  • Perinatal nurses work with child-bearing individuals/families from preconception to postpartum.
  • Work settings include various hospitals and community health clinics.
  • Pediatric nurses care for children from birth to 18 years old.

Prenatal Healthcare Providers

  • Various healthcare professionals (Public Health Nurses, Hospital Postpartum Nurses, Labour and Delivery Nurses, Midwives, Doulas, Indigenous Midwives) are involved in prenatal care and delivery. This can include home visits, hospital support, and community services.

CASN Competencies

  • Core skillset for nursing students in Canada related to caring for child-bearing families.

Week Two - Prenatal Concepts/Antepartum Care

  • Periconceptional care is crucial and involves assessing risk factors before pregnancy.
  • Key components include nutritional needs, immunizations, and environmental hazards.
  • Understanding pregnancy hormones, including progesterone, estrogen, oxytocin, and prolactin is important.

Physiological Changes in Pregnancy

  • Pregnancy impacts various bodily systems.
  • Cardiovascular system adjustments, respiratory changes, renal function modifications, thyroid and other endocrine influences.

Maternal Nutrition

  • Good nutrition before and during pregnancy is essential to prevent low-birth-weight infants.
  • The Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP) supports pregnant individuals and new parents facing social/economic challenges.

Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy

  • Signs that may indicate pregnancy, with possible other underlying causes e.g. Cessation of menstruation, nausea and vomiting, frequent urination, breast changes, fatigue

Probable Signs of Pregnancy

  • Signs that provide more evidence of pregnancy, but can occur with other medical conditions e.g. Enlargement of abdomen, Braxton Hicks, changes in skin, palpation of softening of uterine segment, etc.

Positive Signs of Pregnancy

  • Signs that definitively indicate pregnancy e.g. Fetal heartbeat sounds via doppler; visualisation of foetus via ultrasound

Prenatal Visits

  • Visits with a healthcare professional are essential throughout pregnancy to monitor both the health of the pregnant person and the growing fetus.
  • Frequency of these visits are dependent on the risk factors and overall health of the individual.
  • Data collected during prenatal check-ups is essential for making informed decisions and developing individualized care plans.

Screening Tests

  • Various tests are administered during pregnancy, including blood tests and ultrasounds, to detect potential issues with the mother or foetus.
  • This often involves checking for a range of biological markers e.g. Fetal heart rate, neural tube defects, chromosomal anomalies.

Perinatal Education

  • Perinatal education is important for individuals and family making informed decisions about pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenting.
  • Education/support can include topics such as childbirth experiences, postpartum adjustment, newborn care, breastfeeding.

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Description

Test your knowledge on important topics related to reproductive health, maternal mortality, and health equity. This quiz covers the significance of preconception health, nutrition, and the role of immunizations prior to pregnancy. Understand the disparities in maternal health outcomes, particularly among Black women, and explore concepts like reproductive rights and justice.

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