Reproductive Biology and Oogenesis Quiz

Learning Objectives

• Describe the stages of oogenesis.
• Track an ovulated egg through the female reproductive tract, noting each structure and its function.
• Explain the ovarian cycle, including involved hormones and timing.
• Detail external and biological influences on female fertility, and available birth control options.
• Define menopause and describe its process.
• Explain fertilization in detail, including stages from zygote to birth.
• Identify major hormones that regulate development.
• Explain the relationship between mother and fetus regarding intrauterine membranes.
• Outline the process and hormones involved in labor and delivery.

Reminders

• Complete Lab Quiz 6 by Thursday at 11:59 PM.
• Submit Urinary Lab by Thursday at 11:59 PM.
• Submit any other assignments by Thursday at 11:59 PM.
• Wednesday: No lab - Review reproductive systems.
• Thursday: No lab - Exam 5 from 12:30 PM to 1:55 PM.

Think-Pair-Share

• Why do women have a biological clock?
• What age is ideal for a woman to get pregnant?

Men Have a Biological Clock Too

• Conception rates for both women and men decline with age.
• For women, the rates are significantly lower as they age.
• For men, the rates show a marked decrease when reaching older ages.

More Bad News For Older Dads

• Older fathers increase the risk of their children developing mental illness, including autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, and psychosis.
• Risk increases significantly for children of fathers over 45.

The Pink Tax

• A term used to highlight how feminine hygiene products are taxed differently than products considered essential necessities.
• Some US states, including California, have taken action to remove such taxes on feminine hygiene products to reduce gender-based tax differences

Female Reproductive Organs

• Ovaries: glands that produce oocytes and sex steroids.
• Uterine (Fallopian) tubes: connect ovaries to the uterus, and have fimbriae that catch the oocyte after ovulation.
• Uterus: houses the developing embryo.
• Endometrium: Inner layer of the uterus; where the embryo implants and grows.
• Myometrium: Smooth muscle layer of the uterus; contracts during childbirth.
• Perimetrium: Outer layer of connective tissue in the uterus.
• Cervix: Lower, narrow portion of the uterus.
• Vagina: Organ of copulation and birth canal.
• Clitoris: Erectile tissue.

Homologous Structures

• Structures in the male and female reproductive systems that share similar embryonic development.

Oogenesis

• Oogenesis begins in the fetus.
• Primary oocytes are created, but arrested in prophase I of meiosis.
• Millions of primary oocytes are present at birth, but most are lost through atresia before puberty.
• A small number of oocytes mature to ovulation.
• Meiosis II only completes if fertilization happens.

Egg Development in the Ovary

• Different stages of follicle development present in the ovaries.

Oogenesis - Summary

• The production of female gametes (eggs).
• Begins in utero, arrested at prophase I until ovulation.
• Complete at ovulation.
• Complete at fertilization.

Differences Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

• Comparison of the two processes to identify key distinctions.

Follicles

• Different types of follicles present within the ovaries.
• Comparison of the follicles to understand the differences

Menopause

• Cessation of ovarian activity and menstrual cycle.
• Usually occurs around age 50.
• Symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and osteoporosis risk.
• Estradiol production decreases during this time.

Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Parturition

• The process of fertilization, from egg and sperm fusion to the formation of zygote.
• Early stages of embryonic development and the process of implantation.
• Hormonal control of pregnancy and changes occurring during pregnancy

Ovarian Cycle

• Monthly changes in the ovary's follicle associated with ovulation.
• Stages include follicular, ovulation, and luteal. Includes hormones involved.

Endocrine Control of the Ovarian Cycle

• How hormones govern the monthly cycle.

Cyclic Changes in the Ovaries

• Detailed description of the fluctuating changes during the ovarian cycle, including hormonal factors.

Ovarian Follicular Phase

• The first stage of the ovarian cycle, encompassing follicle development and estrogen increase.

Ovulation

• Release of the secondary oocyte.
• The rupture of a mature Graafian follicle.

Luteal Phase

• The stage of the ovarian cycle after ovulation.
• Corpus luteum formation and hormone secretion.

Methods of Female Birth Control

• List and describe different birth control options.

Contraceptive Methods

• Specific methods of female birth control and how they work. Includes:
  • The pill
  • Vaginal ring
  • Contraceptive patch
  • Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
  • Hormonal implants
  • Rhythm method

Test your knowledge on the stages of oogenesis and the ovarian cycle. This quiz covers reproductive anatomy, hormonal regulation, and the processes involved from fertilization to birth. Understand the biological and external factors affecting female fertility and menopause.