21 Questions
Which hormone is responsible for inducing ovulation by LH stimulation?
Androgens
In the female estrous cycle, which phase is characterized by luteolysis of the corpus luteum?
Diestrus
Which hormone is primarily responsible for 'closing' the receptors of oxytocin in the endometrium?
Progesterone
During which phase of the female estrous cycle does FSH release remain unaffected?
Diestrus
What is the main role of inhibin in granulosa cells of women?
Stimulates FSH release
What is the main function of inhibin in the male reproductive system?
Inhibit FSH secretion by negative feedback mechanism
How does LH contribute to androgen production in the male reproductive system?
Induces the production of androgens by interna cells
What is the primary role of estrogen in the seminiferous tubules of the male reproductive system?
Inhibit the production of testosterone by Leydig cells
How does FSH affect granulosa cells in the female reproductive system?
Stimulates estrogen production
What is the consequence of decreased inhibin levels on FSH secretion?
Increase in FSH levels due to positive feedback
Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining a high intratubular concentration of testosterone?
ABP
What is the function of granulosa cells in the ovary?
Produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid
What triggers the production of androgens in the theca interna cells under LH stimulation?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Which cells differentiate into luteal cells during corpus luteum formation?
Theca interna cells
What is the main function of the corpus albicans?
Remnant of an old corpus luteum
What is the role of Inhibin in the female reproductive system?
Downregulates FSH secretion
During ovulation induction, what factor causes the release of the oocyte?
Massive LH release
What does the primary follicle consist of?
A single layer of cuboidal cells
Which structure is filled with blood after ovulation?
Corpus hemorrhagicum
What happens to subordinate follicles when a dominant follicle develops?
They regress
What is the main function of the follicular fluid?
To provide nutrients to developing oocytes
Study Notes
Female Estrous Cycle
- Inhibin protein is secreted by Sertoli cells and inhibits the synthesis and release of FSH in the pituitary gland.
- FSH release is not affected in non-pregnant females.
- Follicular growth occurs around day 14-17 after ovulation.
- Estradiol binds to "open" receptors of oxytocin in the endometrium.
- Secretion of oxytocin occurs around day 14, leading to a new estrus phase.
- PGF2α causes luteolysis of the corpus luteum (CL).
- Endometrium produces PGF2α by the stimulation of oxytocin.
Follicular Development
- Follicles go through several stages of development:
- Primordial follicle: oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells.
- Primary follicle: oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells.
- Secondary follicle: oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells and theca interna.
- Antral follicle: oocyte surrounded by multiple layers of granulosa cells and theca interna, with a fluid-filled cavity.
Hormone Regulation
- Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is present in low concentrations in postnatal males.
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of LH and FSH.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) induces T4 secretion by Leydig cells.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is important for Sertoli cell function.
- Testosterone (T4) is 100-500 times higher in the seminiferous tubules than in the bloodstream.
- Estradiol (E2) is produced by Sertoli cells.
- Inhibin (INH) is secreted by Sertoli cells and regulates FSH secretion.
Male Reproduction
- Leydig cells produce testosterone.
- Sertoli cells produce estradiol and inhibitin.
- Androgen-binding proteins (ABP) ensure a constant high intratubular concentration of testosterone.
- Testicular function is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving GnRH, LH, FSH, and inhibin.
- High levels of testosterone in the bloodstream can lead to infertility in males.
Testicular Function
- Testicular function is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.
- GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH.
- LH stimulates the production of testosterone by Leydig cells.
- FSH stimulates the production of inhibin by Sertoli cells.
- Inhibin regulates FSH secretion and prevents excessive testosterone production.
Test your knowledge on the non-pregnant female reproductive physiology focusing on the estrous cycle, inhibin protein, FSH and LH release, and hormone production.
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