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Amoeba reproduces through ______ fission.
binary
Leishmania, which cause kala-azar, has a whip-like structure called a ______.
flagellum
The malarial parasite, ______, divides into many daughter cells simultaneously.
Plasmodium
Yeast reproduces by forming small ______ that separate and grow into new individuals.
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Spirogyra reproduces by breaking up into smaller ______ upon maturation.
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Multi-cellular organisms are composed of ______ cells organized into tissues and organs.
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In multi-cellular organisms, simple division is often ______ due to their complex organization.
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During observations of Spirogyra, various ______ can be identified under the microscope.
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In early teenage years, a whole new set of changes occurs that cannot be explained simply as body __________.
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We begin to notice thick hair growing in new parts of the body such as __________ and the genital area.
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The skin frequently becomes oily and we might begin to develop __________.
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In girls, breast size begins to __________, with darkening of the skin of the nipples.
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Boys begin to have new thick hair growth on the face, and their voices begin to __________.
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The penis occasionally begins to become __________ and erect, either in daydreams or at night.
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All these changes take place slowly, over a period of __________ and years.
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The creation of germ-cells to participate in sexual reproduction is another __________ function.
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In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific ______.
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The sperms formed are delivered through the ______ which unites with a tube coming from the urinary bladder.
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These buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new ______ individuals.
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Plants can reproduce through a process called ______ propagation.
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The common passage for both the sperms and urine is formed by the ______.
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The sperms are nourished by secretions from glands like the prostate and the ______.
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Methods such as layering or grafting are examples of ______ propagation used in agriculture.
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The female germ-cells or ______ are made in the ovaries.
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Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from ______.
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The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a thin ______ or fallopian tube.
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One advantage of vegetative propagation is that all plants produced are genetically ______ enough to the parent plant.
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Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the ______.
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The fertilised egg, known as the ______, gets implanted in the lining of the uterus.
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Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin of ______ fall on the soil and develop into new plants.
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Asexual reproduction creates new generations from a single ______.
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The placenta is a special tissue that helps provide nutrition from the mother’s blood to the developing ______.
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Cutting a potato into pieces that contain a ______ or bud can help observe vegetative propagation.
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The changes seen in girls at the time of puberty include an increase in ______ size.
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The uterus prepares itself every month to receive and nurture the growing ______.
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The male reproductive system includes the testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, and ______.
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During sexual reproduction, the introduction of sperm occurs in the vagina of the ______.
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Sexual reproduction involves two individuals for the creation of a new ______.
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Fertilisation occurs after the process of ______.
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The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, ______, and vagina.
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Study Notes
Reproduction In Amoeba
- Amoeba reproduces through binary fission.
- Amoeba divides into two daughter cells.
Reproduction in other unicellular organisms
- Leishmania, which causes Kala-azar, reproduces by binary fission.
- Leishmania has a whip-like structure at one end of the cell.
- Plasmodium reproduces by multiple fission.
- Yeast reproduces by budding.
Fragmentation in Spirogyra
- Spirogyra reproduces by fragmentation.
- Spirogyra filaments break up into smaller pieces.
- These pieces grow into new individuals.
Budding in Hydra
- Hydra reproduces by budding.
- A bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at a specific site.
- The bud develops into a new individual that detaches from the parent body.
Vegetative Propagation in Plants
- Plants can reproduce through vegetative propagation.
- This process involves the development of new plants from parts such as the root, stem, and leaves.
- Vegetative propagation is used in methods such as layering and grafting.
- Plants raised by vegetative propagation bear flowers and fruits earlier than those grown from seeds.
Vegetative Propagation Examples
- Sugarcane, roses, and grapes can be propagated through vegetative propagation.
- Banana, orange, rose, and jasmine, which have lost the capacity to produce seeds, can be propagated by vegetative propagation.
- All plants produced by vegetative propagation have similar characteristics to the parent plant.
Vegetative Propagation in Bryophyllum
- Bryophyllum reproduces through vegetative propagation.
- Buds produced along the leaf margin of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into new plants.
Vegetative Propagation in Moneyplant
- Moneyplant can be propagated by cutting pieces with at least one leaf.
Sexual Maturation in Human Beings
- Human beings undergo significant changes during puberty.
- These changes are part of sexual maturation.
- Thick hair growth in new parts of the body, such as armpits, genitals, legs, and arms, is a common change.
- Skin can become oily and pimples may develop.
Sexual Maturation in Girls
- Breast size increases and the skin of the nipples darkens.
- Menstruation begins.
Sexual Maturation in Boys
- Thick hair growth on the face appears.
- Voice cracks.
- Penis occasionally enlarges and becomes erect.
Sexual Maturation in General
- Changes during sexual maturation happen slowly over months and years.
- They do not happen all at the same time in one person or at an exact age.
- The changes are also not complete quickly.
- Each person experiences sexual maturation differently.
Sexual Maturation and Germ Cells
- The creation of germ-cells for sexual reproduction is a specialized function.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system includes testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, and penis.
- Testes produce sperm.
- Vas deferens transports sperm.
- Seminal vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to the sperm.
- The urethra is a common passage for sperm and urine.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
- Ovaries produce eggs.
- Fallopian tubes transport the egg.
- The uterus is where the fertilized egg implants.
- The vagina is the entry point for sperm.
Sexual Reproduction in Human Beings
- Sperm enters the female's vagina during sexual intercourse.
- Sperm travels upwards to the fallopian tube.
- The fertilized egg, the zygote, implants in the lining of the uterus.
Embryonic Development
- The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood through the placenta.
- The placenta is embedded in the uterine wall and contains villi on the embryo's side.
- Blood spaces surround the villi on the mother's side.
- The placenta provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen transfer from the mother to the embryo.
- Waste substances from the embryo are also transferred to the mother's blood through the placenta.
Summary of reproduction
- Reproduction is not essential to maintain the life of an individual organism.
- Reproduction involves creating a DNA copy and additional cellular apparatus by the cell involved in the process.
- Various organisms use different modes of reproduction depending on their body design.
- Fission, budding, and fragmentation are examples of asexual reproduction, where offspring are created from a single parent.
- Sexual reproduction involves two individuals for the creation of a new individual.
- DNA copying mechanisms create variations which are useful for ensuring the survival of the species.
- Modes of sexual reproduction allow for greater variation to be generated.
- In flowering plants, pollination is followed by fertilization.
- Puberty and sexual reproduction are linked.
Additional Points from the Text
- The copper-T is a type of birth control that does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
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Description
Explore the various methods of reproduction in unicellular and multicellular organisms. This quiz covers binary fission in amoeba and Leishmania, budding in Hydra, and vegetative propagation in plants. Test your knowledge on these fascinating biological processes!
