Reproduction and Immune System Quiz

Study Notes

Estrous cycle and Menstrual cycle involve hormonal changes that prepare the body for reproduction
Immune System provides defense against pathogens through Anatomical, Physiological, and Inflammatory Barriers
Cell-mediated Immune System involves NK cells, B-Lymphocytes, T-Lymphocytes, Granulocytic cells, and Dendritic cells
Primary Lymphoid organs include bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes mature
Secondary Lymphoid Organs include Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT), Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL), and Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
Innate Immunity provides immediate defense, while Acquired Immunity provides long-term protection
Antigens trigger immune responses, and Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced in response to antigens
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in antigen presentation
Antibodies interact with antigens, leading to Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions
Cytokines and Complement System enhance immune responses
Allergy and Hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE-mediated, Antibody-mediated Cytotoxicity, Immune Complex-mediated, and TDTH-mediated responses

Gametes (sperm and eggs) undergo Gametogenesis to form reproductive cells
Fertilization involves the fusion of gametes, leading to embryonic development
Cleavage patterns vary among species, and Embryonic Induction involves the interaction of embryonic cells
Blastulation forms a blastula, and Fate Maps predict the developmental fate of embryonic cells
Gastrulation involves the formation of germ layers, and Foetal Membranes of chick include the amnion, chorion, and allantois
Implantation and Placenta formation occur in mammals, and Gestation and Parturition involve the development and birth of offspring
Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissues, and Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction without fertilization
Retrogressive metamorphosis occurs in Ascidian Larva (Herdmania)

Behavioural patterns include Fixed Action Patterns, Sign Stimuli, and Releases
Innate Behaviour is instinctive, and Innate Releasing Mechanisms trigger responses
Learning involves the acquisition of new behaviours, and Motivation drives behaviour
Aggressive Behaviour and Communication involve various modalities (Tactile, Chemical, Visual, Auditory, and Electric)
Echolocation and language occur in bees, and Social Organization involves group living
Timing and Biological Clock regulate behaviour, and Drugs can influence behaviour
Parental Care is observed in fish and amphibians, and Migration occurs in Petromyzon, fish, and birds

Protozoa have economic importance as useful organisms and parasites
Parasitic Protozoa cause diseases such as Amoebiasis and Malaria
Sponge Industry involves the harvesting of sponges for commercial use
Helminths cause diseases such as Taeniasis, Ascariasis, and Hookworm infection
Insect Vectors like Mosquitoes transmit diseases
Cockroaches, Itch Mites, Fleas, and Termites are household pests
Insect Pests affect crops, wheat flour, rice, fruits, and vegetables
Integrated Pest Management involves the use of multiple control methods
Cultures include Vermiculture, Apiculture, Lac Culture, Sericulture, and Aquaculture/Pisciculture
Birds and Mammals have economic importance as food sources and domesticated animals

Ecology and Environment are distinct concepts, with Biogeographic Zones dividing India into distinct regions
Renewable Energy Sources include solar, wind, and hydro energy
Biogeochemical Cycles involve Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
Abiotic Factors (Climate, Topography, and Edaphic) and Biotic Factors influence ecosystems
Ecological Succession involves the replacement of species over time
Ecosystems have Trophic Levels and Energy Flow, with Productivity measured as Primary and Secondary
Food Webs and Food Chains involve the transfer of energy among species
Population Dynamics involve Biotic Potential, Density, Natality, Mortality, Age Pyramids, and Growth Curves
Species Interaction involves Inter- and Intraspecific, Parasitic, and Symbiotic relationships
Pollution types include Air, Water, and Land Pollution, with control methods and consequences (Eutrophication, Biomagnification, Ozone Layer Depletion, Green House Effect, and Acid Rain)