Reproduction and Development Essentials
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of asexual reproduction?

  • It requires two parents for offspring production.
  • Offspring are genetically identical to the parent. (correct)
  • It produces fertilized eggs.
  • It involves the union of gametes.

What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

  • It creates gametes in the sex organs. (correct)
  • It produces genetically identical offspring.
  • It facilitates fission and budding.
  • It develops zygotes into multicellular organisms.

In parthenogenesis, which of the following occurs?

  • A queen bee requires multiple matings.
  • Offspring are produced from fertilized eggs.
  • Eggs develop into both male and female offspring without sperm. (correct)
  • Only female drones are produced from unfertilized eggs.

Which reproductive strategy allows an individual to produce both sperm and eggs?

<p>Hermaphroditism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically precedes the development of a multicellular organism in sexual reproduction?

<p>Fertilization of gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the sex of mammals during development?

<p>Genetic factors established at fertilization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

<p>It reduces genetic variation in a population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hermaphroditic organisms is true?

<p>They have both male and female reproductive structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the conversion of gonads into testes in an XY embryo?

<p>SRY gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the temperature of the testes compare to the rest of the body for optimal sperm development?

<p>3°C cooler (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure where spermatogenesis occurs?

<p>Seminiferous tubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point in development do human male and female reproductive systems appear similar?

<p>First 40 days after conception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the scrotum related to the testes?

<p>To regulate testicular temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene initiates the development of ovaries in an XX embryo?

<p>No specific gene is responsible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sperm in human reproduction?

<p>To serve as a carrier of genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does estrogen play during the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle?

<p>It acts as a negative feedback to FSH and LH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a child's 'assigned sex' get determined at birth?

<p>By physical appearance of genitalia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the luteal phase, which hormone surge leads to ovulation?

<p>LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>Its production of progesterone declines and ceases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy?

<p>It maintains the corpus luteum and halts menstruation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does progesterone affect the uterus during the luteal phase?

<p>It promotes the thickening of the endometrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the reproductive cycle does the corpus luteum primarily influence?

<p>Luteal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs approximately midway between successive ovulations if fertilization does not take place?

<p>Menstruation begins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular process occurs after fertilization of the egg?

<p>Cleavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process begins approximately 40 weeks from the last menstrual cycle?

<p>Birth Process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial developments remain incomplete at the end of the third month of pregnancy?

<p>Lungs and Brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which month does lanugo begin to cover the head and body of the fetus?

<p>Fifth Month (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production after childbirth?

<p>Prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the placenta play during fetal growth in the third trimester?

<p>Fuels Growth through Maternal Blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback mechanism do oxytocin and prostaglandins employ during the birth process?

<p>Positive Feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the development of the embryo during the second month of pregnancy?

<p>Beginning of Distinct Human Features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the end of which trimester is the fetus considered viable without medical intervention?

<p>End of Third Trimester (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a hollow ball of 500 to 2,000 cells formed during cleavage in mammalian development?

<p>Blastocyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the trophoblast in embryonic development?

<p>To release hCG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which week of embryonic development does organogenesis begin?

<p>Fourth week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notochord contribute to during embryonic development?

<p>Development of the spinal cord and brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of alcohol use during the crucial period of organogenesis?

<p>It can cause fetal alcohol syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure encloses the developing embryo during the implantation phase?

<p>Amnion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst eventually form?

<p>The developing embryo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of somites during embryonic development?

<p>They develop into muscles, vertebrae, and connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxytocin in relation to childbirth?

<p>Initiating milk release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does allometric growth refer to in the context of fetal development?

<p>Different body parts grow at different rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes gonorrhea?

<p>It is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of untreated chlamydia in women?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about syphilis?

<p>It may lead to mental deficiency if left untreated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States?

<p>Genital herpes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of contraception specifically prevents the maturation of eggs?

<p>Prevention of egg maturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of untreated gonorrhea in women?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction where offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

Mitosis

The cell division process in asexual reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction where offspring are created by the union of two specialized cells.

Gametes

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction.

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Parthenogenesis

Reproduction where offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.

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Hermaphroditism

A reproductive strategy where an individual has both testes and ovaries.

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Zygote

Fertilized egg cell.

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Gonads

Organs that produce gametes.

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Sex determination in embryo

The process of determining the sex of an embryo. In humans, it occurs within the first 40 days after conception, based on the sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male).

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SRY gene (sex-determining region Y)

A gene located on the Y chromosome in males responsible for developing the testes, triggering male sexual development pathways, and thus, the production of male characteristics.

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Male gamete

A sperm cell, the reproductive cell in males.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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Testes temperature regulation

The scrotum, a sac of skin that holds the testes, keeps the testes 3°C cooler than the rest of the body to support sperm development.

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Seminiferous tubules

Narrow, tightly coiled tubes within each testis that are the functional sites of spermatogenesis.

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Assigned sex

The sex assigned to a newborn based on the appearance of their genitals, commonly categorized as male or female.

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Sexual orientation

A person's pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to others; a spectrum from attraction to one gender, another gender, to any gender or to none.

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Cleavage

The rapid division of a fertilized egg (zygote) into smaller cells, forming a ball of cells called the blastocyst.

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Blastocyst

A hollow ball of cells formed during early embryonic development, containing the inner cell mass (future embryo) and the outer trophoblast layer.

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Inner cell mass

A cluster of cells within the blastocyst that will develop into the embryo.

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Trophoblast

The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that interacts with the uterine lining, forming the placenta.

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Implantation

The process of the blastocyst embedding itself into the uterine lining, initiating the formation of membranes.

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Amnion

A membrane that encloses and protects the developing embryo.

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Chorion

A membrane derived from the trophoblast, that interacts with uterine tissue to form the placenta.

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Placenta

An organ that connects the developing embryo to the mother's bloodstream, providing nutrients and oxygen.

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What is negative feedback in the reproductive cycle?

Low levels of estrogen act as negative feedback, reducing FSH and LH output, ensuring only one oocyte matures at a time.

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What happens during the luteal phase?

The luteal phase occurs during days 14-28. Rising estrogen levels have a positive feedback effect on FSH and LH, causing a surge in LH that triggers ovulation. The ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum.

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What does the corpus luteum produce?

The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which inhibits FSH and LH secretion. It also thickens the endometrium to prepare the uterus for fertilization.

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What happens if fertilization doesn't occur?

Without fertilization, progesterone production slows down, causing the endometrium to shed during menstruation.

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What is cleavage?

A series of cell divisions a zygote undergoes while traveling towards the uterus.

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What is a blastocyst?

A stage of embryo development where it implants in the uterine lining.

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What's the role of hCG?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by the embryo. It maintains the corpus luteum, preventing menstruation.

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Pregnancy tests check for what?

Pregnancy tests check for hCG in the urine, as it's produced by the embryo, not the mother.

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Embryo to Fetus

The developing human is called an embryo during the first three months of pregnancy. After the third month, it's called a fetus.

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Major Development in Month Two

During the second month of pregnancy, the embryo undergoes significant changes in its morphology. It starts to look distinctly human.

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Development at Month Three

By the end of the third month of pregnancy, the embryo has developed most of its major structures. The lungs and brain still need further development.

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Second Trimester Growth

The second trimester (months four to six) is characterized by rapid growth. The fetus gains weight and develops fine hair called lanugo.

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Fetus Viability

At the end of the sixth month, the fetus is still unable to survive outside the uterus without extensive medical intervention.

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Third Trimester Growth

The third trimester is a period of rapid growth fueled by the mother's bloodstream through the placenta.

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Placenta Function

The placenta, a vital organ for the fetus, contains blood vessels from the umbilical cord that connect to the uterine lining. It facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and fetus.

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Birth Process

Around 40 weeks after the last menstrual cycle, the process of labor and delivery begins. Hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions.

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Oxytocin's role in milk release

Oxytocin, a hormone, is released when an infant suckles at the breast. This triggers the release of milk from the mammary glands.

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Allometric growth

Allometric growth refers to different parts of the body growing or stopping growing at different rates. This means that various body parts develop at their own pace.

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Birth control methods

Birth control methods are ways to avoid reproduction without avoiding sexual intercourse. They can be categorized by their effectiveness and acceptability to different couples. Examples include abstinence, preventing egg maturation, blocking sperm, and destroying sperm.

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Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can cause discharge from the penis or vagina. In women, if left untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which could cause sterility.

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Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Women often experience no symptoms until the infection is established. It can also lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

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Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. If left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems such as heart disease, mental deficiency and nerve damage.

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Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). It is the most common STD in the United States and causes red blisters on the penis or the labia, vagina, or cervix.

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What are Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)?

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are diseases that spread from one person to another through sexual contact.

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Study Notes

Reproduction and Development

  • The book's title is Essentials of the Living World, Seventh Edition
  • The authors are George Johnson and Joel Bergh
  • Asexual reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to the parent
  • Mitosis is involved in asexual reproduction
  • Examples include fission (one organism splits in two) and budding (part of the parent becomes a new individual)
  • Sexual reproduction involves the union of two cells (gametes)
  • Gametes are formed in sex organs called gonads
  • The union of sperm and egg creates a zygote
  • In vertebrates, the zygote develops into a multicellular organism through mitosis
  • Parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction where offspring are produced from unfertilized eggs (e.g., honeybees)
  • Hermaphroditism is a reproductive strategy where one individual has both testes and ovaries, producing both sperm and eggs
  • Most hermaphroditic organisms need another individual to reproduce
  • During mating, hermaphrodites switch roles from producing eggs to producing sperm
  • Mammalian sex is determined early in development
  • Reproductive systems of human males and females look similar initially (first 40 days post-conception)
  • In males, the SRY gene (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) directs gonads to develop into testes
  • In females, the gonads develop into ovaries
  • Sperm are highly specialized cells for carrying genetic information
  • Sperm do not successfully develop at 37°C (98.6°F)
  • The scrotum maintains a cooler temperature for sperm development
  • The testis is composed of compartments containing tightly coiled seminiferous tubules
  • Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules
  • Sperm develop from germinal cells towards the outside of the tubule
  • As sperm development proceeds via meiosis, they move toward the tubule's lumen
  • After sperm are produced in the testes, they are transported to the epididymis
  • The sperm are non-motile when first arriving at the epididymis
  • Spermatozoa are composed of a head, body, and tail
  • Sperm is delivered to the vas deferens from epididymis
  • During ejaculation, sperm travels from the vas deferens to the urethra
  • Semen contains sperm and secretions from glands (like the prostate) which provides metabolic energy sources for the sperm
  • There are hundreds of millions of sperm in a small semen volume
  • Males with fewer than 20 million sperm per mL are considered infertile
  • In females, eggs develop from cells called oocytes in the ovaries
  • All oocytes are present at birth
  • During each reproductive cycle, some oocytes are initiated to continue development (ovulation)
  • In humans, usually only a single oocyte matures
  • About 400 oocytes are ovulated in the life of a woman (from approximately 2 million oocytes)
  • Fallopian tubes (or oviducts) transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
  • The uterus is lined with a membrane called the endometrium
  • The endometrium is shed during menstruation
  • To fertilize an egg successfully, sperm must travel to the fallopian tube
  • The egg is moved down the fallopian tube by smooth muscle contractions
  • Sperm must swim against the current
  • An egg retains its capacity to develop for 24 hours post-ovulation
  • Sperm can remain viable up to 6 days
  • Sperm must penetrate two layers; granulosa cells and the zona pellucida, to reach the oocyte
  • Once the first sperm enters, the oocyte blocks other sperm from entering
  • The oocyte finishes meiosis II, forming a haploid ovum
  • The female haploid and male haploid nuclei combine to create a zygote
  • A fertilized egg implants into the endometrial lining to continue development
  • The female reproductive cycle, called a menstrual cycle, has two phases; follicular and luteal
  • The follicular phase involves oocyte maturation and ovulation
  • The anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH during the follicular phase
  • Several follicles (including an oocyte and its surrounding tissue) are stimulated to grow in the follicular phase
  • Follicles secrete estrogen in the follicular phase
  • The low but rising levels of estrogen have a negative feedback effect on FSH and LH secretion
  • The rise in estrogen signals the end of the follicular phase
  • The luteal phase encompasses days 14-28 of the reproductive cycle
  • The higher levels of estrogen have a positive feedback effect on FSH and LH secretion during the luteal phase
  • The surge in LH prompts ovulation and the follicle bursts
  • The follicle is released into the fallopian tube and the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum
  • The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which inhibits FSH and LH secretion
  • Progesterone completes the body's preparation for fertilization, including thickening of the endometrium
  • If fertilization does not occur, progesterone production decreases
  • Decreasing levels of progesterone cause the thickened endometrium to be shed
  • This process is called menstruation
  • If fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, the zygote undergoes cleavage (a series of cell divisions)
  • The blastocyst implants in the uterine lining
  • The embryo secretes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
  • hCG maintains the corpus luteum and prevents menstruation
  • Different organs grow at different rates after birth
  • Growth is fueled by mother's bloodstream via exchange in the placenta
  • Allometric growth involves different parts of the body growing or stopping growth at varying times
  • Neurological development continues long after birth
  • Birth control avoids reproduction without avoiding sexual intercourse
  • Contraception differs by effectiveness and acceptability to couples. Methods include abstinence, egg maturation prevention, embryo implantation prevention, sperm blockage, and sperm destruction
  • STDs are diseases spread through sexual contact. Examples include gonorrhea (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae), chlamydia (caused by Chlamydia trachomatis), and syphilis (caused by Treponema pallidum). Genital herpes is also an STD. Cervical cancer in 70% of cases is caused by HPV

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Johnson Essentials of the Living World 7th Edition Chapter 30 PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of asexual and sexual reproduction through this quiz based on 'Essentials of the Living World'. Understand mitosis, gamete formation, and unique reproductive strategies such as parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism. Test your knowledge about various reproductive processes in living organisms.

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