exam3 electrolyte, renal and GU
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system in the body?

  • To excrete bicarbonate ions
  • To retain hydrogen ions
  • To neutralize H+ ions and maintain pH balance (correct)
  • To inhibit the respiratory system

    • How does the respiratory system compensate for changes in pH in the body?

  • By increasing ventilation (correct)
  • By increasing bicarbonate production
  • By decreasing ventilation
  • By decreasing pH levels

    • What happens in renal buffering when there is a decrease in bicarbonate levels?

  • Acidosis occurs
  • pH increases
  • Renal system shuts down
  • pH decreases (correct)

    • Which of the following conditions is characterized by a systemic increase in H+ concentration?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of arterial blood pH in humans?

    <p>7.35-7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of acid-base imbalance does the pH decrease and HCO3- levels rise above 26?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compensation mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by high altitudes, hypermetabolic states, and early salicylate intoxication?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to potassium (K+) levels in the body when H+ ions move into the intracellular space during metabolic acidosis?

    <p>K+ moves to extracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acid-base imbalance causes hypocapnia and a decrease in pCO2 levels?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is important in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause decreased neuromuscular excitability and cardiac dysrhythmias?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause tetany, muscle spasms, and Chvostek and Trousseaus signs?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can facilitate the movement of potassium into the cells?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with hyperglycemia due to water shifts?

    <p>Hypertonic hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pH and calculus formation in urine?

    <p>Lower pH increases the risk of calculus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by renal colic?

    <p>Renal pelvis obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with lower UTIs caused by kidney stones?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syndrome characterized by detrusor overactivity and weak bladder function?

    <p>Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of renal cell carcinoma originates from the tubular epithelium in the renal cortex?

    <p>Clear cell RCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compensatory mechanism of the kidneys in respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Decrease H+ excretion and bicarb absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron is the most abundant?

    <p>Superficial cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of juxtamedullary nephrons in urine concentration?

    <p>Secrete renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells synthesize nitric oxide and endothelin-I in the kidney?

    <p>Glomerular endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in sodium filtration affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Decreases GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the body?

    <p>Increasing perfusion by vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as a natural antagonist to the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Natriuretic peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a situation where there is an increase in aldosterone secretion due to low blood volume?

    <p>Hypovolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hypertonic solutions in terms of osmotic pressure?

    <p>Higher osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is a common symptom of renal cancer?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for bladder cancer?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by proteinuria and smoky brown-tinged urine?

    <p>Acute glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does oliguria indicate?

    <p>Severe glomerular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the common cause of intrarenal renal failure?

    <p>Acute tubular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary manifestation of pyelonephritis?

    <p>UTI symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nephrotic sediment contain in massive amounts?

    <p>Protein and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AKI stand for in renal injury classification?

    <p>Acute Kidney Injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the RIFLE acronym represent in diagnosing renal injury?

    <p>Renal function testing parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood work changes are commonly seen in AKI?

    <p>Increased creatinine and BUN levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

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