40 Questions
What is the main function of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system in the body?
To neutralize H+ ions and maintain pH balance
How does the respiratory system compensate for changes in pH in the body?
By increasing ventilation
What happens in renal buffering when there is a decrease in bicarbonate levels?
pH decreases
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a systemic increase in H+ concentration?
Acidosis
What is the normal range of arterial blood pH in humans?
7.35-7.45
In which type of acid-base imbalance does the pH decrease and HCO3- levels rise above 26?
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the compensation mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation
Which condition is caused by high altitudes, hypermetabolic states, and early salicylate intoxication?
Respiratory alkalosis
What happens to potassium (K+) levels in the body when H+ ions move into the intracellular space during metabolic acidosis?
K+ moves to extracellular space
Which acid-base imbalance causes hypocapnia and a decrease in pCO2 levels?
Respiratory alkalosis
Which ion is important in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance?
Chloride
What can cause decreased neuromuscular excitability and cardiac dysrhythmias?
Hypokalemia
Which condition can cause tetany, muscle spasms, and Chvostek and Trousseaus signs?
Hypocalcemia
What can facilitate the movement of potassium into the cells?
Insulin
Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with hyperglycemia due to water shifts?
Hypertonic hyponatremia
What is the relationship between pH and calculus formation in urine?
Lower pH increases the risk of calculus formation
Which condition is indicated by renal colic?
Renal pelvis obstruction
What symptoms are associated with lower UTIs caused by kidney stones?
Nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the syndrome characterized by detrusor overactivity and weak bladder function?
Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)
Which type of renal cell carcinoma originates from the tubular epithelium in the renal cortex?
Clear cell RCC
What is the compensatory mechanism of the kidneys in respiratory alkalosis?
Decrease H+ excretion and bicarb absorption
Which type of nephron is the most abundant?
Superficial cortical nephrons
What is the role of juxtamedullary nephrons in urine concentration?
Secrete renin
Which cells synthesize nitric oxide and endothelin-I in the kidney?
Glomerular endothelial cells
How does an increase in sodium filtration affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Decreases GFR
What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the body?
Increasing perfusion by vasoconstriction
Which hormone acts as a natural antagonist to the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
Natriuretic peptides
What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?
Decreased blood pressure
Which term describes a situation where there is an increase in aldosterone secretion due to low blood volume?
Hypovolemia
What is the characteristic of hypertonic solutions in terms of osmotic pressure?
Higher osmotic pressure
Which manifestation is a common symptom of renal cancer?
Hematuria
What is the primary risk factor for bladder cancer?
Smoking
Which condition is indicated by proteinuria and smoky brown-tinged urine?
Acute glomerulonephritis
What does oliguria indicate?
Severe glomerular disease
Which is the common cause of intrarenal renal failure?
Acute tubular necrosis
What is the primary manifestation of pyelonephritis?
UTI symptoms
What does nephrotic sediment contain in massive amounts?
Protein and lipids
What does AKI stand for in renal injury classification?
Acute Kidney Injury
What does the RIFLE acronym represent in diagnosing renal injury?
Renal function testing parameters
What blood work changes are commonly seen in AKI?
Increased creatinine and BUN levels
Test your knowledge on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) pathway and its role in regulating blood pressure and perfusion. Learn about the actions of angiotensin II, renin, and natriuretic peptides in response to changes in blood pressure and volume.
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