🌎 SCIENCE

Study Notes

Gypsum: Commonly utilized in plaster and drywall manufacturing.
Halite: Identified as rock salt, primarily involved in salt production.
Coal: A major resource for electricity generation.
Oil: Predominantly used for transportation purposes.
Natural Gas: Utilized for electricity generation, although to a lesser extent than coal.
Solar Energy: Harnessed from sunlight, representing a renewable energy source.
Fossil Fuels: Composed of ancient organic materials, crucial for energy.
Geothermal Energy: Generated from the Earth’s internal heat.
Wind Energy: Produced from the movement of air, another renewable energy.
Hydroelectric Energy: Created from the energy of moving water.

Evaporation: The transformation of water into vapor.
Condensation: The process where water vapor cools and reverts to liquid form.
Precipitation: Water falls from the atmosphere as rain, snow, etc.
Transpiration: The release of water vapor into the atmosphere by plants.

Erosion: The movement of broken-down materials from one location to another.
Causes of Soil Erosion: Wind, water, and human activities significantly contribute to soil erosion.
Weathering: The breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments.
Soil Types:
- Sandy Soil: Drains quickly but has low nutrient retention.
- Loam: An ideal mix of sand, silt, and clay, promoting crop growth.
- Clay: Retains water well but may impede root growth due to density.
- Silt: Nutrient-rich but prone to compaction.

Steady State Theory: Proposes the universe exists in a constant state without beginning or end.
Big Bang Theory: Suggests the universe originated from an extremely hot and dense singularity, followed by continuous expansion.
Encounter Theory: Indicates solar system formation resulted from a close approach between the sun and another star.
Nebular Theory: Claims the solar system formed from a rotating gaseous and dusty cloud.
Redshift of Galaxies: Observations show galaxies moving away, supporting the universe's expansion.
Blue Shift of Stars: Indicates objects moving towards Earth, providing insights contrary to the Big Bang Theory.

Oxygen: Comprises 21% of the atmosphere, essential for life.
Nitrogen: Makes up 78% of the atmosphere, necessary for various biological processes.
Carbon Dioxide: Present in minor quantities, playing a role in the greenhouse effect.
Methane: Another minor atmospheric component with significant implications on climate change.

Troposphere: The lowest atmospheric layer, where weather phenomena occur.
Stratosphere: Contains the ozone layer, crucial for blocking harmful UV radiation.
Mesosphere: Located above the stratosphere, meteors typically burn up here.
Thermosphere: Above the mesosphere, housing satellites and experiencing auroras.

Atmosphere: Provides essential gases that support life.
Hydrosphere: Contains all water resources required for life.
Geosphere: Comprises Earth’s minerals and habitats.
Greenhouse Gases: Trap heat and contribute to increasing Earth's surface temperatures.

Igneous Rock: Formed from cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
- Extrusive Rocks: Created on Earth's surface.
- Intrinsic Rocks: Formed beneath the Earth’s surface.
Metamorphic Rock: Result from the transformation of existing rocks under heat and pressure.
Sedimentary Rock: Formed through sediment accumulation, often containing fossils as they form in biological environments.