Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of erosion caused by poor soil management?

  • Increased soil nutrients
  • Improved soil structure
  • Enhanced plant growth
  • Detachment and movement of soil particles (correct)

    • Which of the following is a result of soil acidification?

  • Increased plant diversity
  • Concentration of acidic cations (correct)
  • Higher pH levels
  • Boosted soil fertility

    • What does salinization primarily affect?

  • Soil physical quality (correct)
  • Soil moisture levels
  • Soil organic matter
  • Soil's nutrient content

    • What term describes the degradation of productive land in arid and semi-arid areas?

    <p>Desertification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heavy metal contamination affect soil microorganisms?

    <p>It has a toxic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eutrophication primarily caused by?

    <p>Excessive fertilizer use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following human activities can lead to poor soil management?

    <p>Urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to soil pollution?

    <p>Industrial waste disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in decompression melting?

    <p>The upward movement of Earth's mostly solid mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do decompression melting processes commonly occur?

    <p>At divergent boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pressure affect the melting point of mantle rock?

    <p>Lower pressure decreases the melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mantle plume?

    <p>Columns of hot rock rising from the core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when hot liquid rock intrudes into colder crust?

    <p>Transfer of heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically found in magma?

    <p>Solidified crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the buoyant magma to rise during decompression melting?

    <p>The reduction in overlying pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between tectonic activity and magma formation?

    <p>Tectonic activity contributes to both decompression melting and magma rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines waste?

    <p>Any material that is eliminated or discarded after a process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of waste is primarily generated from households?

    <p>Municipal solid waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major component of municipal solid waste?

    <p>Food waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of waste is generated by manufacturing processes?

    <p>Industrial solid waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do developed countries' waste generation compare to that of developing countries?

    <p>Developed countries generate more waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of classifying wastes?

    <p>To facilitate better waste management strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common component of industrial solid waste?

    <p>Household garbage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pollution primarily defined as?

    <p>The introduction of harmful materials into the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the older rock during sea-floor spreading?

    <p>It spreads out to the sides of the ridge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate boundary involves plates moving towards each other?

    <p>Convergent boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average rate of tectonic plate movement?

    <p>0.6 cm/yr to 10 cm/yr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of convergent boundary?

    <p>Island-Continent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of plates in a divergent boundary primarily characterized by?

    <p>Plates moving away from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a lateral plate boundary?

    <p>Plates sliding horizontally past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rate of plate movement vary in the North Atlantic compared to the Pacific?

    <p>North Atlantic moves at 1 cm/yr; Pacific at 4 cm/yr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of convergent boundary would likely lead to the formation of mountains?

    <p>Continent-Continent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of non-renewable energy sources?

    <p>They will run out within our lifetime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is involved in refining petroleum?

    <p>Fractional distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fossil fuel is primarily composed of hydrocarbons and used for making diesel, asphalt, and kerosene?

    <p>Crude oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fossil fuel is a solid material formed mainly from carbon and is used as a fuel?

    <p>Coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is natural gas primarily composed?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renewable energy source specifically utilizes the flow of water for electricity generation?

    <p>Hydroelectric energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is created from the splitting of atoms?

    <p>Nuclear energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes how coal was formed from ancient plants?

    <p>Sedimentary layering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy conversion step comes directly after heat energy is generated in fossil fuels?

    <p>Kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renewable energy source specifically generates electricity using recently dead organisms?

    <p>Biofuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of fossil fuel?

    <p>Geothermal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental concern related to fossil fuels?

    <p>They emit CO2 when burned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of process is geomorphic processes described as?

    <p>Either exogenous or endogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fossil fuel is formed from tiny marine organisms that died and were buried on the ocean floor?

    <p>Natural gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected increase in waste production over the next 30 years?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a problem caused by improper waste management?

    <p>Increased agricultural yield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many single-use sachets are used daily in the Philippines?

    <p>164 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered microplastic?

    <p>Plastic particles smaller than 5mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of microplastic pollution?

    <p>Decline in marine biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solution is suggested to address waste management issues?

    <p>Investing in better waste management systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant health impact of waste incineration?

    <p>Respiratory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many marine creatures die annually due to microplastic pollution?

    <p>100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy Resources

    • Energy is the ability to do work and exists in many forms
    • Non-renewable energy sources are those that will run out in our lifetime
    • Fossil fuels are formed from fossilized remains of plants and animals, high in carbon content

    Fossil Fuels

    • Oil (Petroleum): Mined, then transported to refineries to create usable fuels (gasoline, propane, kerosene)
    • Crude oil is a fossil fuel made up of hydrocarbon chains mainly used to make diesel, asphalt, and kerosene
    • Natural Gas: Composed mostly of methane, used as fuel for making materials and chemicals

    Fossil Fuels Formation

    • Tiny marine plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor.
    • Over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper.
    • The enormous heat and pressure turned the remains into oil and natural gas.
    • Today, we drill down through layers of sand, silt and rock to reach the rock formations that contain oil and natural gas.
    • Peat, via pressure from rocks, is transformed into coal.
    • Coal is formed from dead plants over millions of years.

    Nuclear Energy

    • A non-renewable energy. This generates electricity from splitting atoms

    Renewable/Alternative Energy

    • Energy sources not based on burning fossil fuels or splitting atoms
    • Solar energy: Uses the energy from the sun.
    • Biofuels: Uses the recently dead organisms to generate electricity
    • Hydroelectric energy: Uses water flow to generate electricity.
    • Geothermal energy: Uses the Earth's crust heat to generate electricity
    • Wind energy: Using wind turbines to generate electricity.
    • Heat energy: The energy from bond breaking/formation.
    • Kinetic energy: Heat energy used to convert water to steam.
    • Mechanical energy: Generated from kinetic energy, used to turn turbines and other mechanisms
    • Electrical energy: Mechanical energy converted to electricity via electromagnetism

    Environmental Concerns: Fossil Fuels

    • Fossil fuels cause air and water pollution; CO2 (43% of global emissions) produced are at a level harmful to the environment (oil and coal).
    • Renewable sources are slowly replacing fossil fuels

    Geomorphic Processes

    • Physical processes that create and modify landforms on the surface of the Earth
    • Endogenous (internal): Processes beneath Earth's surface
    • Exogenous (external): Processes on Earth's surface

    Weathering

    • Disintegration and decomposition of rocks in situ (in their original locations). This doesn't involve transportation.
    • Produces regolith

    Degradation

    • Processes that break down landforms – weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and transportation
    • Includes denudation processes

    Mass Wasting

    • Downslope movement of rock, soil, and other debris due to the pull of gravity
    • Factors affecting or inducing mass wasting events include: speed, type of material, water content, nature of movement, soil cover, and geologic features.

    Soil Resources

    • Soil: A mixture of mineral grains, organic matter, water, and air. It supports plant growth.
    • Soil components include: mineral grains; water; nutrients; and organic matter (humus)
    • Soil texture: The proportion of particles (clay, silt, and sand) that determines soil properties.
    • Soil profile: The sequence of soil horizons from the surface to the bedrock

    Waste Management

    • Waste generation from human actives
    • Waste classifications (MSW and industrial solid waste)
    • Waste management – reduce waste, dumping in landfills, recycling, incineration, composting, sewage treatment, etc.
    • Improper waste management causes environmental problems

    Plate Tectonics

    • Earth's crust is divided into plates that move.
    • Plate movement causes collisions, separation, or sliding.
    • Plate movement involves decompression melting, which creates magma.

    Magma

    • Molten or semi-molten rock mixture under the Earth's surface.
    • It involves a multitude of processes like magma formation and transfer of heat.
    • Magma is formed by several processes including decompression melting and flux melting

    Metamorphism

    • Alteration of the composition or structure of a rock by extreme heat and pressure
    • Different types of metamorphism: contact, cataclastic, hydrothermal, regional, burial, and shock/impact.

    Oceanic Drills, Samples and Types of Plate Movements

    • Younger rocks found near mid-ocean ridges; older rocks found farther away from ridges.
    • Types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent, and lateral (strike-slip)

    Natural Water Resources

    • Water makes up 71% of Earth's surface
    • Groundwater is the underground water in pore spaces (regolith and bedrock).
    • Surface water is water on the Earth's surface (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.).

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    Description

    This quiz explores the different forms of energy, focusing on non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels. It covers the processes of fossil fuel formation and the extraction of oil and natural gas, along with their uses in today's world. Test your knowledge on how these vital resources impact our energy landscape.

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