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Questions and Answers
What effect does Diamox (Acetazolamide) have on bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?
What effect does Diamox (Acetazolamide) have on bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?
How does a low calcium diet contribute to the risk of calcium oxalate renal stone formation?
How does a low calcium diet contribute to the risk of calcium oxalate renal stone formation?
What happens to citrate levels in an acidic urinary environment?
What happens to citrate levels in an acidic urinary environment?
Which condition is likely to increase calcium filtration in the urine?
Which condition is likely to increase calcium filtration in the urine?
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In patients with fat malabsorption, how does the body's calcium behavior change?
In patients with fat malabsorption, how does the body's calcium behavior change?
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What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the kidneys?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the kidneys?
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Which substances are typically not filtered by the glomerulus in a normal kidney?
Which substances are typically not filtered by the glomerulus in a normal kidney?
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Where in the nephron are the majority of nutrients reabsorbed from the urine filtrate into the bloodstream?
Where in the nephron are the majority of nutrients reabsorbed from the urine filtrate into the bloodstream?
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Which part of the nephron is acted upon by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to increase water reabsorption?
Which part of the nephron is acted upon by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to increase water reabsorption?
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How do loop diuretics, such as furosemide, increase urinary output?
How do loop diuretics, such as furosemide, increase urinary output?
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What structure in the nephron allows small particles to leak through during glomerular filtration?
What structure in the nephron allows small particles to leak through during glomerular filtration?
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Which of the following roles is NOT attributed to mesangial cells?
Which of the following roles is NOT attributed to mesangial cells?
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Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria. Which of the following best describes this condition?
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria. Which of the following best describes this condition?
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Chronic glomerulonephritis ultimately leads to which of the following conditions?
Chronic glomerulonephritis ultimately leads to which of the following conditions?
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The negative charge of the basement membrane helps to repel which type of molecules?
The negative charge of the basement membrane helps to repel which type of molecules?
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Which of the following statements about podocytes is true?
Which of the following statements about podocytes is true?
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What is the correct order of the components within the filtration system in the nephron?
What is the correct order of the components within the filtration system in the nephron?
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What is a key role of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?
What is a key role of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?
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Where are the nephrons predominantly located in the kidney?
Where are the nephrons predominantly located in the kidney?
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What defines nephritic syndrome compared to nephrotic syndrome?
What defines nephritic syndrome compared to nephrotic syndrome?
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What is the primary role of the renal calyces?
What is the primary role of the renal calyces?
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The renal hilum functions as the entry/exit point for which of the following structures?
The renal hilum functions as the entry/exit point for which of the following structures?
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Which type of nephron is primarily involved in concentrating urine?
Which type of nephron is primarily involved in concentrating urine?
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Which component of the nephron is involved in the initial filtration of blood?
Which component of the nephron is involved in the initial filtration of blood?
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What is the function of the Loop of Henle?
What is the function of the Loop of Henle?
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Which structure is responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Which structure is responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
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What time is the first check-in for the module on November 20, 2024?
What time is the first check-in for the module on November 20, 2024?
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How long is the session on Glomerular disorders scheduled for on November 20, 2024?
How long is the session on Glomerular disorders scheduled for on November 20, 2024?
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Which clinical consult involves Chronic Kidney Disease with mineral and bone disorder on November 20, 2024?
Which clinical consult involves Chronic Kidney Disease with mineral and bone disorder on November 20, 2024?
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What is the total duration of the break on November 20, 2024?
What is the total duration of the break on November 20, 2024?
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Which session directly follows the practice quiz on GU on November 21, 2024?
Which session directly follows the practice quiz on GU on November 21, 2024?
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What topic is covered in the session led by Jamie Bucknell?
What topic is covered in the session led by Jamie Bucknell?
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How much time is allocated for the review quiz on normal kidney anatomy and function on November 21, 2024?
How much time is allocated for the review quiz on normal kidney anatomy and function on November 21, 2024?
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Which of the following topics is NOT included in the sessions on both days?
Which of the following topics is NOT included in the sessions on both days?
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What characterizes renal colic?
What characterizes renal colic?
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What results from a sacral spinal cord injury affecting the bladder?
What results from a sacral spinal cord injury affecting the bladder?
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What happens when spinal cord injury occurs above the sacral area?
What happens when spinal cord injury occurs above the sacral area?
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What triggers the bladder reflex to contract?
What triggers the bladder reflex to contract?
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Which type of incontinence is commonly associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia in men?
Which type of incontinence is commonly associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia in men?
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What neurological condition can lead to neurogenic bladder?
What neurological condition can lead to neurogenic bladder?
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What is a consequence of the brain blocking the bladder reflex?
What is a consequence of the brain blocking the bladder reflex?
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What is the effect of bladder spasms in individuals with neurological disorders?
What is the effect of bladder spasms in individuals with neurological disorders?
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Which factor is a common contributor to the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease?
Which factor is a common contributor to the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease?
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What condition is characterized by a proinflammatory state with the accumulation of urea and other nitrogenous compounds?
What condition is characterized by a proinflammatory state with the accumulation of urea and other nitrogenous compounds?
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Which type of urinary incontinence is triggered by a strong, unstoppable urge to urinate?
Which type of urinary incontinence is triggered by a strong, unstoppable urge to urinate?
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What are the potential causes of functional urinary incontinence?
What are the potential causes of functional urinary incontinence?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of urinary incontinence?
Which of the following is NOT a type of urinary incontinence?
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What is the normal specific gravity range of urine?
What is the normal specific gravity range of urine?
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Which type of urinary casts indicates inflammation in the tubules?
Which type of urinary casts indicates inflammation in the tubules?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of nephrolithiasis?
What is a common clinical manifestation of nephrolithiasis?
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What is a primary consequence of urinary tract obstruction?
What is a primary consequence of urinary tract obstruction?
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What anatomical feature primarily causes lower urinary tract obstruction related to urination?
What anatomical feature primarily causes lower urinary tract obstruction related to urination?
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What effect does aging have on the kidneys?
What effect does aging have on the kidneys?
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Which condition is associated with an increase in white blood cells in urine sediment?
Which condition is associated with an increase in white blood cells in urine sediment?
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What is the primary factor that determines the severity of a urinary tract obstruction?
What is the primary factor that determines the severity of a urinary tract obstruction?
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In the context of kidney stones, what is supersaturation?
In the context of kidney stones, what is supersaturation?
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What is a potential complication resulting from chronic urinary tract obstruction?
What is a potential complication resulting from chronic urinary tract obstruction?
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Which symptom is characteristic of nephritic syndrome?
Which symptom is characteristic of nephritic syndrome?
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What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
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In chronic kidney disease, when do clinical manifestations typically begin to occur?
In chronic kidney disease, when do clinical manifestations typically begin to occur?
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What contributes to tubulointerstitial injury in chronic kidney disease?
What contributes to tubulointerstitial injury in chronic kidney disease?
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Which classification is part of the RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury?
Which classification is part of the RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury?
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What defines end-stage renal failure?
What defines end-stage renal failure?
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What is the most common cause of intrarenal acute kidney injury?
What is the most common cause of intrarenal acute kidney injury?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
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Which component of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of nutrients?
Which component of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of nutrients?
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Which condition is NOT associated with nephrotic syndrome?
Which condition is NOT associated with nephrotic syndrome?
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What maintains the negative charge in the filtration barrier of the glomerulus?
What maintains the negative charge in the filtration barrier of the glomerulus?
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How does the detrusor muscle contribute to urine expulsion?
How does the detrusor muscle contribute to urine expulsion?
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Which of the following is NOT typically found in normal urine?
Which of the following is NOT typically found in normal urine?
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What structure serves as the entry/exit point for renal blood vessels and ureters?
What structure serves as the entry/exit point for renal blood vessels and ureters?
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Which type of nephron is primarily involved in maintaining the osmotic gradient for urine concentration?
Which type of nephron is primarily involved in maintaining the osmotic gradient for urine concentration?
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What physiological change occurs during the reabsorption of substances in the nephron?
What physiological change occurs during the reabsorption of substances in the nephron?
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Which part of the urinary system collects urine before it is transported to the bladder?
Which part of the urinary system collects urine before it is transported to the bladder?
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What happens to efferent arterioles in the nephron?
What happens to efferent arterioles in the nephron?
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What is the primary classification for cystitis?
What is the primary classification for cystitis?
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What symptoms are commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis?
What symptoms are commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis?
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What is a common cause of chronic pyelonephritis?
What is a common cause of chronic pyelonephritis?
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What typically initiates acute glomerulonephritis?
What typically initiates acute glomerulonephritis?
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What key change occurs in the filtration properties of the kidney during glomerular disorders?
What key change occurs in the filtration properties of the kidney during glomerular disorders?
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What can be a result of severe damage in acute glomerulonephritis?
What can be a result of severe damage in acute glomerulonephritis?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of primary glomerulonephritis?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of primary glomerulonephritis?
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What symptom is typically associated with hematuria in glomerular disorders?
What symptom is typically associated with hematuria in glomerular disorders?
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What is a potential long-term consequence of chronic pyelonephritis?
What is a potential long-term consequence of chronic pyelonephritis?
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Which mechanism is involved in the injury during acute glomerulonephritis?
Which mechanism is involved in the injury during acute glomerulonephritis?
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Study Notes
Modules 6, 7, 8 Overview
- Module 6 topics include renal and urinary disorders
- Module 7 likely focuses on specifics of Renal and Urinary disorders including questions about anatomy, nephrons, glomerulus
- Module 8 covers Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), potentially focusing on the pathology, causation and diagnostics of UTIs.
Kidney Anatomy and Function
- Kidneys maintain stable internal environment.
- Kidneys excrete metabolic waste.
- Kidneys maintain acid-base balance
- Kidneys retain nutrients.
- Kidneys manage water and solute transport.
- Kidneys regulate endocrine functions.
- Kidneys are located on posterior abdominal wall.
Nephrons
- Nephrons are the functional units of the urinary system.
- Nephrons consist of glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
- Two types of nephrons exist: cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
- Renal corpuscle contains glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, receiving 95% blood supply.
- Renal medulla receives 5% of blood supply.
Renal Calyces and Hilum
- Renal calyces receive urine from the collecting ducts.
- The renal hilum is the entry/exit area on the medial side of the kidney.
- Structures generally include renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis, lymphatics, but not the parasympathetic nerve bundle.
Kidney Function and Sympathetic Stimulation
- Sympathetic stimulation of kidneys decreases glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
- Sympathetic stimulation releases renin from the juxtaglomerular cells.
- Renal arteriole vasoconstriction occurs in response to sympathetic stimulation.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- RAAS is a chain of physiological events in response to decreased renal perfusion, decreasing renal blood flow.
- The system involves renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, ACE, angiotensin II.
- RAAS leads to water and salt retention; increased blood pressure.
Gross Anatomy of Kidney
- Kidneys are surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
- Renal cortex contains the glomeruli of all nephrons, cortical and some juxtamedullary nephron tubular elements.
- Renal medulla contains proximal and distal tubules, collecting ducts, and renal papillae.
- Structures like renal sinus are present in the kidney.
Filtration and the Nephron
- Glomerulus filters blood.
- Filtration eliminates glucose, red blood cells, and large proteins.
- The proximal convoluted tubule primarily reabsorbs nutrients.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and the Nephron
- ADH functions in the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule.
- ADH increases water reabsorption.
Loop Diuretics
- Loop diuretics block sodium, potassium, and chloride co-transporter in the ascending loop of Henle.
- This prevents water reabsorption and increases urinary output.
Clinical Consults
- Several physicians performed clinical consults on various renal-related issues. (Examples of names and specializations were present)
Kidney Disorders and Outcomes
- Topics covered in the notes include acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy.
- Chronic glomerulonephritis results in progressive kidney failure.
- Diabetic nephropathy is a common cause of chronic kidney damage.
- Acute glomerulonephritis varies depending on the cause.
- Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes differ in clinical manifestations.
Renal Tubular Injury
- Renal tubular injury leads to decreased GFR.
- Tubular casts are formed.
Chronic Kidney Disease
- Affects every body system.
- Characteristics of uremic syndrome include accumulation of urea, nitrogenous compounds.
- This results in a proinflammatory state and altered fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
Urinary Tract Obstruction
- Obstructions can be anatomical or functional.
- Obstructions lead to urine backup that causes dilation and damage to urinary tissues.
- Upper urinary obstructions include kidney stones.
- Lower urinary tract causes include: prostate enlargement, urethral stricture, pelvic organ prolapse, or bladder wall compliance.
Nephrolithiasis
- Kidney stones form from salt precipitation and growth via crystallization.
- Common stone composition is Calcium Oxalate.
Renal Colic
- Renal colic is characterized by flank pain sometimes related to muscular ischemia
- Other causes include reflex ureter spasms and ureter dilation
Urinary Incontinence
- Disorders related to bladder dysfunction are covered.
- Types of incontinence covered include stress incontinence, overflow incontinence, mixed/functional incontinence, and urge incontience.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- UTIs can affect any part of the urinary tract.
- E. coli is a common cause.
- UTIs can be categorized as cystitis or pyelonephritis.
- Cystitis is a bladder infection; pyelonephritis involves the upper urinary tract.
- Risk factors covered include sexual activity, indwelling catheters, medical conditions, and anatomic abnormalities.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
- VUR is retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidney or ureters.
- VUR symptoms in children may include unexplained fevers, recurrent UTIs, and poor growth or developmental outcomes.
Miscellaneous
- Overview of learning outcomes for various renal-related topics for Modules 6, 7, and 8.
- Questions on these topics, including practice questions, are also noted.
- Information on exams, including the format, is included.
- Information on potential accommodations for exams is present.
- Information provided on the different ways to access learning material, including assigned textbook readings, research articles, module videos, or virtual classroom sessions is mentioned.
- Information about the different types of renal and urinary disorders, their causes, symptoms, and classifications is also included.
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Description
Test your knowledge on renal physiology with this quiz that covers essential concepts including bicarbonate reabsorption, calcium stone formation, and the effects of hormones on kidney function. Explore the mechanisms of glomerular filtration and nutrient reabsorption in the nephron.
