[PPT] Renal Physiology Quiz

A group of kidney disorders characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.

A condition where the body fails to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels, often associated with CKD.

A treatment for kidney failure that uses a machine to filter the blood.

A procedure that uses a filter implanted in the body to continuously filter the blood.

A condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys.

A condition characterized by the presence of blood in the urine, often a sign of kidney disease.

A condition characterized by a blockage in the urinary tract, often leading to problems with urination.

A condition characterized by the involuntary loss of urine, often due to weakness of the pelvic floor muscles.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in constriction of the afferent arteriole, leading to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This helps preserve kidney function during stress by reducing the workload on the kidneys.

Renin is an enzyme released by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney in response to low blood pressure, sympathetic stimulation, or low sodium levels. Renin activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), ultimately leading to increased blood pressure and blood volume.

The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in the nephron that filters blood, allowing small molecules like water, glucose and waste products to pass through, while preventing larger molecules like red blood cells and proteins from entering the filtrate. This is crucial for maintaining blood volume and composition.

The proximal convoluted tubule is the first part of the renal tubule after the glomerulus and is responsible for the reabsorption of most nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the urine filtrate back into the bloodstream. This is essential for maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and preventing loss of essential substances.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the collecting duct of the nephron, increasing its permeability to water. This allows for more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, concentrating the urine and conserving water.

Diamox (Acetazolamide) is a medication that inhibits the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal tubule of the kidney. This leads to increased bicarbonate in the urine and increased secretion of protons into the urine (via distal tubule).

Citrate, a compound that helps prevent kidney stones, is less stable in acidic environments. When urine becomes more acidic, citrate is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, leaving less citrate available to bind with calcium in the urine.

Hypercalcemia, a condition of high calcium levels in the blood, usually due to increased parathyroid hormone or certain cancers, increases the amount of calcium filtered by the kidneys. This can lead to higher levels of calcium in the urine, potentially contributing to the development of calcium oxalate kidney stones.

Conditions like low calcium diets, fat malabsorption disorders (e.g., IBD, pancreatic problems), or high sodium/protein diets lead to decreased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This means more calcium remains in the urine, increasing the risk of calcium oxalate stones.

Oxalate, a component of kidney stones, can cross from the gut into the blood. However, calcium binds to oxalate in the gut, preventing its absorption. If calcium intake is low, less oxalate is bound, allowing more to enter the blood and potentially contribute to stone formation.

The process of filtering blood and producing urine. It involves a series of steps, starting with the glomerulus, where blood is filtered, and ending with the collecting duct, where urine is concentrated and secreted. The filtering process starts with the glomerulus, then the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, then the distal convoluted tubule, and finally the collecting duct.

Nephrons are located in both the renal cortex and the renal medulla. The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, and the renal medulla is the inner layer.

The renal calyces are cup-shaped structures that receive urine from the collecting ducts. They are located within the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the calyces and directs it to the ureter.

The renal hilum is the entry/exit point on the medial side of the kidney for structures like the renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis, lymphatics, and nerves. It's like a gateway for these structures to reach the kidney.

Cortical nephrons are the most numerous type of nephron, and they have short loops of Henle that extend only into the outer medulla. They are primarily responsible for filtering waste products from the blood.

Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal medulla. They play a crucial role in concentrating urine.

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located within Bowman's capsule. It acts as a filter for blood, allowing small molecules like water, electrolytes, and glucose to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins.

Bowman's capsule is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus. It collects the fluid that is filtered from the blood by the glomerulus. This fluid is then processed through the rest of the nephron.

Intense, sharp pain in the flank region caused by a sudden, painful contraction of the ureter, often triggered by a kidney stone.

A condition where the bladder function is impaired due to a neurological disorder affecting the nerves controlling bladder control.

The involuntary contraction of the bladder muscle causing an urge to urinate despite a small amount of urine in the bladder.

A condition where the bladder muscle cannot empty the bladder completely due to a weakened muscle or nerve damage.

The part of the spinal cord responsible for controlling bladder function. Damage to this area can lead to bladder dysfunction.

A type of urinary incontinence where the bladder is overactive and contracts unexpectedly, leading to leakage.

Glomerular filtration occurs in the nephron. It involves three key structures: capillary endothelium with fenestrations for small particles, basement membrane acting as a semi-permeable barrier, and podocytes with foot processes wrapping around capillaries. This filtration process allows for the removal of waste products and the retention of essential substances.

Mesangial cells are specialized cells found within the glomerulus. They play a crucial role in removing debris, supporting podocytes, regulating glomerular filtration rate, responding to injury, participating in immune responses, and signaling.

Chronic glomerulonephritis is a group of diseases causing gradual deterioration of the glomerulus, leading to chronic kidney failure. The condition is characterized by progressive loss of kidney function over time.

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria (excess protein in urine), hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin), edema (swelling), and hyperlipidemia (high blood lipids). It mainly involves damage to the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to leakage of proteins into the urine.

Nephritic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria, hypertension, and oliguria (decreased urine output). It involves inflammation of the glomerulus, often triggered by an immune response.

The main difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndromes lies in the primary underlying damage. Nephrotic syndrome focuses on the glomerular filtration barrier being damaged, while nephritic syndrome involves inflammation of the glomerulus itself.

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by high protein loss in urine. The condition is marked by edema due to hypoalbuminemia, which reduces osmotic pressure in the blood vessels.

Nephritic syndrome displays blood in the urine (hematuria), which often results from damage to the glomerulus due to inflammation.

A condition where involuntary urine leakage occurs due to increased abdominal pressure, often during activities like coughing, sneezing, or laughing.

A type of incontinence where the bladder contracts involuntarily, leading to an urgent need to urinate, often resulting in leakage.

Urinary incontinence caused by a combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence, meaning leakage occurs from both pressure and a strong urge.

Urinary incontinence due to a physical limitation or impairment, preventing the individual from reaching the toilet in time. This can be caused by conditions like dementia or mobility issues.

A type of incontinence where urine leakage is caused by a full, overstretched bladder that cannot empty properly. This may be due to bladder obstruction or a weakened bladder muscle.

A measure of how concentrated the solutes are in a solution; in urine, it reflects the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine.

The microscopic examination of urine sediment to identify cellular components like red blood cells, white blood cells, casts, and crystals.

Solid masses that form in the kidneys or ureters, often composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, or uric acid.

A blockage in the urinary tract that can occur at any point from the kidneys to the urethra.

Inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacterial infection, usually starting in the urethra and potentially affecting the bladder, ureters, or even kidneys.

The fundamental unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

The process by which blood is filtered in the glomerulus, allowing small molecules like water and waste to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins.

The process by which the body removes waste products from the blood and produces urine.

The outer layer of the kidney containing the glomeruli and most tubular elements.

The inner region of the kidney containing the loops of Henle and collecting ducts.

The process by which the kidney maintains the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.

A condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, often triggered by an immune response.

A kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, indicating damage to the glomerular filtration barrier.

Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacteria traveling up the urethra.

Infection and inflammation of the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys.

Acute glomerulonephritis often stems from an immune response against an antigen, leading to damage to the glomerulus and filtration problems.

Acute glomerulonephritis can also be caused by antibodies that attack the glomerulus directly.

Acute glomerulonephritis can occur when antigen-antibody complexes get deposited in the glomerular capillaries.

When complement proteins are activated in the glomerulus, they can cause cell lysis and recruit more immune cells, damaging the glomerulus.

Glomerular disorders affect the filtering ability of the kidneys.

A sudden decline in kidney function, marked by decreased glomerular filtration and buildup of waste products in the blood.

This hypothesis suggests that as nephrons are lost in CKD, the remaining nephrons work harder to compensate, but eventually they can't keep up, leading to further decline in kidney function.

The most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). It occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is reduced, leading to decreased filtration.

This type of AKI involves damage to the kidney tissue itself, often caused by conditions like glomerulonephritis or acute tubular necrosis.

A rare type of AKI caused by a blockage in the urinary tract, preventing urine from leaving the kidneys.