Renal Physiology and Kidney Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate number of nephrons in each kidney?

  • 200,000
  • 1,000,000
  • 500,000
  • 100,000 (correct)

    • What is the diameter of the pores in the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries?

  • 100 nm
  • 70 nm (correct)
  • 50 nm
  • 200 nm

    • What is the maximum diameter of neutral substances that can pass through the glomerular membrane?

  • 7 nm
  • 15 nm
  • 10 nm (correct)
  • 5 nm

    • What is the structure formed by the macula, lacis cells, and renin-secreting granular cells in the afferent arteriole?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To produce renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in the production of Vitamin D?

    <p>The kidneys convert Vitamin D to its active form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of endothelins produced by the kidneys?

    <p>To regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of natriuretic peptide produced by the kidneys?

    <p>To decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a dipstick in kidney functional tests?

    <p>To analyze urine for various components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal concentration of serum creatinine?

    <p>60-104 µmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Normal cystometograph graph?

    <p>It shows the normal bladder functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Enuresis?

    <p>Bedwetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism?

    <p>To concentrate urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a lesion of sacral segments of spinal cord on the micturition reflex?

    <p>It will be blocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is urinary retention?

    <p>Inability to urinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ureters?

    <p>To transport urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are involved in Na+ and ADH-stimulated water reabsorption in the collecting duct epithelium?

    <p>Principal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in secretion of acid and HCO3- transport?

    <p>Intercalated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time?

    <p>Clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the efferent arterioles from cortical glomeruli?

    <p>Peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the efferent arterioles from juxtamedullary glomeruli?

    <p>Vasa recta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate at which the kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood?

    <p>GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the kidney regulates blood flow to maintain a constant GFR?

    <p>Autoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the kidney reabsorbs and secretes substances back into the bloodstream?

    <p>Tubular reabsorption and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?

    <p>Filtering waste and excess fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is respiratory acidosis?

    <p>A condition caused by a buildup of acid in the blood due to respiratory issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value of urine pH in a healthy person?

    <p>7.35-7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a dialysis machine?

    <p>To filter waste from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inappropriate hypersecretion of vasopressin?

    <p>Water retention and hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of acute nephritis?

    <p>Hematuria and proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does demeclocycline reduce the renal response to vasopressin?

    <p>By reducing the sensitivity of the kidneys to vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fanconi syndrome?

    <p>A tubular disorder causing aminoaciduria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes mellitus affect the kidneys?

    <p>By damaging the glomeruli and causing proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys?

    <p>Through active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of renin in clinical hypertension?

    <p>Regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients with diabetes mellitus exhibit glucosuria?

    <p>Because they have a high blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sulfonamide derivatives used as diuretic agents?

    <p>Because they inhibit carbonic anhydrase in the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure?

    <p>By blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted value of fractional Na+ excretion in a patient with congestive heart failure?

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urine Formation and Transportation

    • Dilute urine is formed when the kidneys produce a large volume of urine with a low concentration of solutes.
    • Concentrated urine is formed when the kidneys produce a small volume of urine with a high concentration of solutes.
    • Countercurrent multiplication is a mechanism that increases the concentration of urine in the renal medulla.
    • Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism that allows the kidneys to reabsorb water and ions while maintaining a high concentration of solutes in the urine.

    Kidney Functional Tests

    • A dipstick is a simple diagnostic tool used to analyze urine for various biochemical parameters.
    • Urinalysis is a laboratory test that examines the physical and chemical properties of urine.
    • Blood tests can be done to evaluate kidney function, including creatinine clearance and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
    • Renal plasma clearance is a measure of the kidney's ability to remove waste products from the blood.
    • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the blood.
    • A normal cystometrogram is a graph that shows the pressure-volume relationship of the urinary bladder.

    Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination

    • The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
    • The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine.
    • The micturition reflex is a complex process that involves the nervous system and the genitourinary system to regulate urination.
    • Lesions of the sacral segments of the spinal cord can affect the micturition reflex.
    • The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
    • Enuresis is a condition characterized by involuntary urination.
    • Urinary retention is a condition characterized by the inability to urinate.

    Parathyroid Hormone (Not mentioned in the provided text)

    Kidney/Urinary System

    • The kidneys are organs that play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the body.
    • The kidneys produce hormones such as renin, erythropoietin, and vitamin D.
    • The kidneys regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and acid-base homeostasis.

    Renal Physiology

    • The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
    • The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure that regulates blood pressure.
    • Macula densa is a structure that senses changes in blood pressure and regulates renin secretion.
    • The kidneys produce local hormones such as endothelins, prostaglandins, and natriuretic peptide.
    • Renal plasma clearance is a measure of the kidney's ability to remove waste products from the blood.
    • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the blood.

    Acid-Base Homeostasis

    • Respiratory acidosis is a condition characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.
    • Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the blood due to metabolic processes.
    • Respiratory alkalosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.
    • Metabolic alkalosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration in the blood due to metabolic processes.

    Clinical and Applied Renal Physiology

    • Hematuria is a condition characterized by the presence of blood in the urine.
    • Proteinuria is a condition characterized by the presence of excess protein in the urine.
    • Glucosuria is a condition characterized by the presence of glucose in the urine.
    • Ketonuria is a condition characterized by the presence of ketones in the urine.
    • Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, and dyslipidemia.
    • Acute nephritis is a condition characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension.

    Tubular Disorders

    • Fanconi syndrome is a condition characterized by impaired reabsorption of amino acids and glucose in the proximal tubule.
    • Bartter syndrome is a condition characterized by impaired reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
    • Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by impaired reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.

    Role of Kidneys in Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis

    • The kidneys regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by controlling the amount of water and electrolytes reabsorbed in the tubules.
    • The kidneys produce hormones such as vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.

    Role of Kidneys in Acid-Base Homeostasis

    • The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by controlling the amount of hydrogen ions reabsorbed in the tubules.
    • The kidneys produce bicarbonate ions to neutralize excess hydrogen ions in the blood.

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    Renal Physiology Revision Questions PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the production of dilute and concentrated urine, mechanisms of renal physiology, and kidney functional tests. It includes questions on countercurrent multiplication and exchange, and the analysis of kidney functional tests using dipsticks.

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