Renal Pathophysiology and Treatment

An infection of the urethra, bladder, or kidneys.

Ascending infection that is more common in females due to a shorter urethra.

Inflammation of the bladder.

Painful urination.

Increased frequency and urgency of urination.

A condition where calcium levels in the blood are low, often caused by issues with vitamin D activation in the kidneys.

High phosphate levels in the blood. Often occurs alongside low calcium levels in renal failure.

Bone disease caused by impaired kidney function, leading to weakened bones. Can involve increased parathyroid hormone, softening of bones, and osteoporosis.

A treatment for end-stage kidney failure, where a machine filters the blood.

A surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a donor is transplanted into the recipient.

Presence of white blood cells in urine (pyuria) with a negative urine culture. Suggests urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The main symptom of urethritis is dysuria (painful urination).

Inflammation of the kidney, typically caused by an ascending infection. Increased risk with vesicoureteral reflux (urine flowing back to the kidneys).

Most common cause of pyelonephritis, responsible for 90% of cases.

A type of kidney infection caused by multiple episodes of acute pyelonephritis, leading to scarring and atrophy of kidney tissue.

A condition where kidney stones form due to precipitation of urinary solutes.

End-stage kidney failure that can result from various causes, including diabetes, hypertension, and glomerular diseases.

Increased nitrogenous waste products in the blood, a hallmark of chronic renal failure, leading to symptoms like nausea, anorexia, and mental confusion.

Anemia in chronic renal failure is caused by decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys.