Renal Health: Hypocalcemia and Osteodystrophy

Low blood calcium levels caused by the kidney's inability to activate vitamin D, and high phosphate levels.

Bone disease in kidney failure due to overactive parathyroid glands, weak bones, and porous bones.

Treatment that uses a machine to filter the blood when the kidneys fail.

The surgical procedure to replace a failing kidney.

Fluid-filled sacs that grow in damaged kidneys during dialysis, increasing risk of kidney cancer.

Infection of the urethra, bladder, or kidney. Most often caused by bacteria traveling upwards from the urethra.

Infection of the bladder. Symptoms include painful urination, frequent urination, a strong urge to urinate, and pain in the lower abdomen. Fever is usually absent.

A common bacteria that causes UTI's, especially in women, and is the culprit in 80% of cases.

The amount of bacteria in a urine sample. A count greater than 100,000 colony forming units confirms a UTI.

A sequence of characters, like letters, numbers, and symbols, used to represent text or code. Think of it like a chain of beads, where each bead is a character.

A specific type of data that represents true or false values. Often used to represent conditions, like whether something is on or off.

A value that holds no information. Think of an empty box or a blank space.

A collection of data points, each with its own unique identifier. Think of a list of people, where each person has a name and address.

A structure used to organize data in a key-value pair. Think of it like a dictionary with words and their meanings, or a list of names and their phone numbers.

A type of bacterial infection that affects the kidney, usually caused by an ascending infection from the bladder. It can be more common in individuals with vesicoureteral reflux.

A condition marked by interstitial fibrosis and atrophy of the kidney tubules due to repeated episodes of acute pyelonephritis. It can result from conditions like vesicoureteral reflux in children or obstruction in adults.

The presence of white blood cells in the urine, often indicating an infection or inflammation in the urinary tract.

A kidney stone is formed when a urinary solute precipitates out of solution and forms a solid mass. Factors like high solute concentration in the urine and low urine volume increase the risk.

The final stage of kidney failure, where the kidneys are unable to filter waste products from the blood effectively. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerular diseases.

A condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood, leading to an accumulation of waste products in the blood, salt and water retention, electrolyte imbalances, and other complications.

A type of bacteria that also contributes to urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis.