Questions and Answers
Which test is used to detect abnormalities such as fluid accumulation, masses, congenital malformations, and obstructions?
General ultrasonography
At what percentage reduction in GFR are renal function test results typically still within normal limits?
50% of normal
What is the purpose of a kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) x-ray study?
To detect abnormalities in the urinary system
Which combination of tests provides the most accurate assessment of renal function?
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Why is fluid intake encouraged before undergoing ultrasonography?
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Which test is NOT commonly used to evaluate renal function?
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What is the primary purpose of bladder ultrasonography mentioned in the text?
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What is a common indication for bladder ultrasonography as per the text?
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Which imaging technique provides excellent cross-sectional views of the kidney and urinary tract?
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What is a potential risk if metal objects are not removed before an MRI procedure?
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What precaution is necessary before a patient enters the room for an MRI procedure?
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Why are cochlear implants inactivated before an MRI?
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Study Notes
Renal Function Tests
- Evaluate severity of kidney disease and assess kidney function
- Provide information about kidney's excretory function
- Results may be normal until GFR is reduced to less than 50% of normal
- Accurate assessment requires multiple tests (concentration tests, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels)
Diagnostic Imaging
- Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies: x-ray of abdomen or kidneys, ureters, and bladder to delineate size, shape, and position of kidneys and reveal urinary system abnormalities
Ultrasonography
- Noninvasive procedure using sound waves to detect internal tissue and organ abnormalities
- Identifies fluid accumulation, masses, congenital malformations, changes in organ size, and obstructions
- Requires full bladder; fluid intake encouraged before procedure
- Bladder ultrasonography measures urine volume in bladder and is indicated for urinary frequency, inability to void, and postvoiding residual urine volume
Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Noninvasive techniques providing excellent cross-sectional views of kidney and urinary tract anatomy
- Evaluate genitourinary masses, nephrolithiasis, chronic renal infections, renal or urinary tract trauma, metastatic disease, and soft tissue abnormalities
- Oral or IV radiopaque contrast agent may be used to enhance visualization in CT scanning
Preparation for Imaging Procedures
- Educate patient about relaxation techniques and communication during the procedure
- Remove metal objects and credit cards before MRI to avoid injury or death
- No metal objects or medication patches with metal backing allowed in MRI room
- Patient history obtained to determine presence of metal objects (e.g., aneurysm clips, pacemakers, artificial heart valves, intrauterine devices)
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