Renal Drug Elimination

<p>Upregulation of hepatic transporters to increase biliary excretion of the drug. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased drug clearance, leading to a prolonged drug half-life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It bypasses the emetic response triggered by oral ingestion, allowing the drug to be absorbed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrathecal/Intraventricular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug is absorbed into capillaries that drain directly into the inferior vena cava. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can deliver a sustained release of the drug, improving patient compliance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albuterol provides immediate bronchodilation, while fluticasone offers long-term control of inflammation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for higher drug concentrations at the application site while minimizing systemic exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The application site should be hairless, clean, and dry to minimize variability in absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal inhalation delivers the drug directly to the respiratory tract, maximizing local effects and minimizing systemic exposure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering the drug via a sublingual route to bypass first-pass metabolism and achieve rapid absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enteral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating an enteric-coated capsule that dissolves only in the small intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral administration with a large bolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral administration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramuscular injections invariably result in higher bioavailability than subcutaneous injections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug's volume of distribution in peripheral tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A specialized coating that facilitates slower drug dissolution and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous (IV) bolus injection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide rapid access to the systemic circulation via the large surface area and high vascularity of the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IV administration bypasses the need for drug absorption, which is crucial for drugs that are poorly absorbed orally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encapsulating the drug in an enteric-coated capsule that dissolves in the less acidic environment of the intestine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a sustained release of the drug over an extended period, improving patient compliance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramuscular (IM) injections of a depot preparation administered every few weeks or months. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SC administration minimizes the risk of hemolysis or thrombosis associated with IV injections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased systemic absorption of the antibiotic due to compromised skin barrier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intra-articular injection directly into the knee joint. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lungs, for local bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sublingual administration bypasses first-pass metabolism, leading to a more rapid onset of action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous administration delivers the drug directly into the bloodstream, thus bypassing the absorption process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will have difficulty crossing the membrane unless transported by specific mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High lipid solubility to readily dissolve in membrane phospholipids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hepatic uptake and metabolism due to the drug bypassing the portal circulation after intravenous administration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased oral bioavailability and increased tissue distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased absorption due to reduced contact time in the gastrointestinal tract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach, due to the acidic pH promoting the non-ionized form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased distribution to tissues due to increased ionization in the blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced surface area of the drug particles exposed to the dissolution medium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased absorption due to competitive inhibition of the carrier protein. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low molecular weight and high lipophilicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quantitative measurement of drug processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

Entry of the drug into plasma from the administration site.

Reversible movement of a drug from the bloodstream to tissues.

Biotransformation of the drug by liver or other tissues.

Removal of the drug and its metabolites from the body.

Drug delivery through the gastrointestinal tract, commonly oral.

Drug placed under the tongue for rapid absorption into circulation.

Drugs protected from stomach acid, delivered into the intestines.

Application of drugs to the skin for systemic effects, often using patches.

Direct introduction of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid for rapid local effects.

Drug delivery via the rectum, minimizing liver biotransformation.

Medications inhaled through the mouth, such as Albuterol and corticosteroids.

Medications delivered into the nasal passages, like oxymetazoline.

The thin layer of cells that line the respiratory tract where drugs can act quickly.

Inconsistent drug uptake through the rectal route due to mucosa irritation.

Local application of drugs aiming to minimize systemic toxicity; some can provide systemic effects.

Delivery of drugs directly into systemic circulation, bypassing the GI tract.

Route where drugs are injected directly into veins, providing immediate circulation.

Injection into muscle tissue, allowing for slower absorption through the bloodstream.

Injection into the tissue layer between the skin and muscle for slow, sustained release.

Formulation designed for gradual release of medication over time.

When a drug reaches systemic circulation at its full strength without first-pass metabolism.

Method delivering drugs via the respiratory tract for rapid effect.

A type of efflux pump that helps in drug absorption and excretion.

The process of removing drugs from the body through renal excretion, requiring polarity.

Site of drug secretion and active transport for drugs in the kidney.

Process where drug concentration increases before reaching excretion in urine.

Patients with kidney issues may accumulate drugs leading to toxicity.

Transport mechanism that involves carriers recognizing specific molecules for absorption.

Transport process that can reach a maximum rate when all carriers are occupied.

The pH influences whether a drug is charged or uncharged, affecting its permeability through membranes.

Process where a cell engulfs a drug by forming a vesicle around it.

The reverse of endocytosis; process where substances are expelled from a cell.

Higher blood flow to certain organs like intestines increases drug absorption efficiency.

The greater surface area in the intestines enhances drug absorption compared to the stomach.

Duration a drug spends in the GI tract affects how well it is absorbed; rapid transit reduces absorption.

Administration of drugs outside the blood vessels leading to absorption into circulation.

Drugs applied directly to the target area for localized benefits without systemic absorption.

Drugs designed to have effects throughout the body after entering systemic circulation.

The process of drug absorption through the skin layers to reach systemic circulation.

Multiple factors like wounds and drug amount can influence how well drugs are absorbed.

Drugs with high lipid solubility pass easily through cellular membranes into circulation.

Includes oral, topical, inhaled, and rectal methods, with varying absorption pathways.

Movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream after being applied externally.