Clinical Pharmacokinetics: Renal Clearance

<p>Cl = Rate of elimination / Plasma concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaseous anesthetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clearance is directly proportional to systemic exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volume/time in ml/min or L/hr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a constant value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease urinary pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium bicarbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher flow rate decreases reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug protein binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer ammonium chloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximum urinary excretion rate (dXu/dt) max (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidic urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urinary pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improves excretion of acidic drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionized basic drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120 mL/min (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low molecular weight (MW &lt; 500 Daltons) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not get filtered at the glomerulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is reabsorbed by the kidneys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases markedly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It equals the GFR. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active reabsorption and secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The volume of plasma cleared of a drug per unit time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$Cl = k imes VD$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the total clearance of drug by all processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a sum of clearance through kidney and liver, among others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$150 , \mu g/min$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It remains constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is proportional to the product of drug concentration and volume of distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase the urinary pH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug is fully ionized at this pH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidifying the urine will improve drug elimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion rate equals filtration plus active secretion minus reabsorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When urinary pH rises above the drug's pKa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substances move from urine back to blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion is selective while filtration is not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma concentration of the drug. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Irreversible removal of a drug from the body by all routes of elimination.

The process of chemically converting a drug into a metabolite in the body, usually by enzymes.

The removal of intact drugs and drug metabolites from the body.

The process of drug elimination from the body without specifying the individual processes involved.

Refers to the volume of fluid cleared of the drug per unit of time.

The relationship between the drug dose and the overall systemic exposure achieved.

The rate of drug elimination divided by the drug concentration in plasma.

The constant value when drug behavior is linear, indicating a predictable elimination rate.

The volume of plasma cleared of a drug per unit of time.

The rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body.

Drug clearance remains constant regardless of changes in plasma drug concentration.

It represents the sum of all elimination rate constants for different routes (e.g., kidney, liver).

The sum of all clearance processes in the body (e.g., renal, hepatic, etc.).

Clearance is constant as long as the rate of drug elimination follows first-order kinetics.

The elimination rate is calculated by multiplying Clearance by plasma drug concentration.

It reflects a predictable elimination rate when drug behavior is linear.

The process of removing a drug from the body by the kidneys. It involves filtering blood through the glomerulus and then reabsorbing essential nutrients and water.

The process of removing a drug from the body by the liver. It involves processing the drug through liver cells and breaking it down into metabolites.

The total amount of drug removed from the body per unit time. It's the sum of all clearance pathways, including renal, hepatic, and others.

The rate at which a drug is filtered from the blood through the glomerulus in the kidney.

The fraction of a drug that is not bound to plasma proteins. Only unbound drugs can be filtered by the kidneys.

The process of transporting substances from the blood into the urine.

The process of reabsorbing substances from the urine back into the blood.

The amount of urine produced by the kidneys per unit time.

The maximum urinary excretion rate of a drug, reflecting the rate of drug elimination.

The time it takes for the urinary excretion rate to reach its maximum value.

The total amount of a drug excreted in the urine, representing the cumulative elimination over time.

The process of removing drug metabolites and unchanged drugs from the body through urine.

The rate of excretion depends on the elimination rate constant (k) and the plasma drug concentration (A).

The process by which drugs are removed from the body through the kidneys, involves filtration, secretion and reabsorption.

Changing the pH of urine to either increase or decrease excretion of a drug.

A weak base drug that is ionized in acidic urine and non-ionized in basic urine.

A weak acid drug that is ionized in basic urine and non-ionized in acidic urine.

Urine pH impacts drug reabsorption and excretion. Acidic drugs are more ionized and not reabsorbed in alkaline urine, while basic drugs are more ionized and not reabsorbed in acidic urine.

Acidifying urine helps eliminate basic drugs, while alkalizing urine helps eliminate acidic drugs. This is based on the principle of ionization and reabsorption.

In basic drug poisoning, Ammonium chloride is used to acidify the urine, enhancing elimination. Examples include Morphine and Amphetamine overdose.

In acidic drug poisoning, Sodium bicarbonate is used to alkalize the urine, promoting elimination. An example is Aspirin overdose.

Besides urine pH, urine flow rate also affects drug reabsorption. Faster flow decreases reabsorption time, promoting excretion.

Drugs like ethanol, caffeine, and theophylline increase urine flow, which can help eliminate drugs by reducing reabsorption.

Forced diuresis using diuretics is a technique to increase urine flow, thereby promoting drug excretion.

Forced diuresis is a helpful strategy to remove excessive drugs in intoxicated patients by increasing excretion and reducing reabsorption.