Renal Disorders and Urinary Tract Infections

Reduced kidney function, potentially leading to AKI or CKD.

Sudden decline in kidney function, often temporary and potentially reversible.

Progressive loss of kidney function, often due to long-term conditions.

Swelling (edema) due to kidneys not effectively removing excess fluid.

Disruptions in sodium, potassium, and calcium levels, causing health issues.

Buildup of waste products in the blood, leading to various symptoms.

Inflammation of the glomeruli (filtering units) in kidneys.

Disorder with protein in urine, swelling, and high blood fats due to glomerular damage.

A genetic disorder causing cyst growth in kidneys, affecting kidney function.

Bacterial infections in the urinary tract, causing symptoms like burning and frequent urination.

Mineral deposits in the bladder, formed due to concentrated urine or underlying issues.

Chronic bladder pressure, pain, and discomfort.

Kidney stones traveling to the ureters, causing severe pain and blockages.

Narrowing of the ureter due to scarring, potentially causing kidney swelling (hydronephrosis).

Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by infection.

Narrowing of the urethra from scarring, causing painful urination.

Urine test to detect abnormalities like protein, blood, glucose, or bacteria.

Conditions affecting the body's structural tissues (collagen, elastin) impacting multiple systems.

Immune system mistakenly attacks body's own connective tissues.

Autoimmune inflammation of the joint lining, common in women.

Autoimmune attack on multiple organs and tissues.

Genetic defect impacting fibrillin-1, leading to tall stature and organ issues.

A blood test that identifies signs of anemia, low platelets, or reduced white blood cells.

Examination of affected tissues to diagnose specific disorders

Tests that assess how well the lungs work.

Drugs that reduce inflammation, but need careful long-term monitoring.

Drugs that suppress abnormal immune responses.

Neurological conditions that affect the speed, quality, and ease of movement.

Abnormal or impaired voluntary movement.

A progressive movement disorder caused by dopamine loss in the brain.

Tremor that occurs when the body is at rest.

A common tremor that affects hands, head, or voice.

Sustained, involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting and repetitive movements.

Rapid, jerky, involuntary movements.

Sudden, repetitive, involuntary muscle movements or vocalizations.

A blockage preventing urine flow through the urinary tract.

Swelling of the kidneys due to urine backup.

Swelling of the ureters.

Hard deposits of minerals & salts in kidneys.

Most common kidney stone type, from calcium oxalate or phosphate.

Kidney stones related to urinary tract infections.

Dysfunctional bladder due to nerve damage.

Frequent, sudden urges to urinate.

Progressive loss of kidney function.

Inflammation of the glomeruli (kidney filtering units).

Genetic disorder, affecting enzyme protecting red blood cells.

Enzyme involved in protecting red blood cells from damage.

Two triangular endocrine glands located above each kidney.

Produces steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, regulating metabolism, blood pressure, and sexual characteristics.

Produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), for the body's "fight or flight" response.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, caused by inadequate hormone production due to adrenal damage (e.g., autoimmune issues).

Chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, skin hyperpigmentation, salt cravings.

Hypercortisolism; an excess of cortisol resulting in characteristic physical changes.

Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, hyperglycemia, and hypertension.

Conn's Syndrome - High aldosterone causing high blood pressure and low potassium.

Tumor of the adrenal medulla resulting in excess adrenaline hormones, leading to sudden high blood pressure.

Regulates fluid balance, electrolyte levels, waste removal, and blood pressure, also producing hormones like erythropoietin and renin.

Removes waste and excess substances from the blood.

Eliminates unwanted metabolic waste products from the body.

Keeps proper balance of important salts in the body, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.

Produces erythropoietin which triggers red blood cell production, and renin for regulating blood pressure.

Conditions affecting the kidneys, causing problems with filtering blood, balancing fluids, controlling electrolytes, and managing blood pressure.

An infection in the bladder (cystitis) and urethra (urethritis).

Infection in the kidneys (pyelonephritis), often more severe.

Kidney injury caused by reduced blood flow, like in dehydration or heart failure.

Kidney injury caused by direct damage from toxins, infections, or medications.

Kidney injury caused by obstructions like kidney stones or enlarged prostate.

Episodes of red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) triggered by oxidative stress, leading to symptoms like anemia and jaundice.

A harmful imbalance caused by free radicals damaging cells. Certain medications, foods, and infections can increase it.

A specific trigger for hemolytic crises in individuals with G6PD deficiency. It's caused by consuming fava beans.

Yellowing of a newborn baby's skin and eyes, often caused by excessive bilirubin build-up due to red blood cell breakdown.

Brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin in newborn babies.

The presence of hemoglobin (from red blood cells) in the urine.

Enlargement of the spleen due to increased workload in filtering damaged red blood cells.

Malformed red blood cells with irregular shapes. Seen in G6PD deficiency due to oxidative damage.

Abnormal protein deposits within red blood cells that can be seen under a microscope.

A blood test that measures the number of immature red blood cells in circulation. It can indicate increased red blood cell regeneration.

This test helps differentiate G6PD deficiency from autoimmune hemolytic anemia by checking for antibody attachment to red blood cells.

A laboratory test to measure the level of the G6PD enzyme in red blood cells, confirming the diagnosis of G6PD deficiency.

The process of providing information and guidance about the genetic basis of a disorder, including risks and potential inheritance patterns.

A bracelet worn by individuals with certain medical conditions, containing vital information about their health status.

A treatment that uses specific types of light to reduce bilirubin levels in newborns.

An autoimmune disorder triggered by consuming gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

A lifelong gluten-free diet, avoiding wheat, barley, and rye products.

Inability to digest lactose due to lactase enzyme deficiency.

Avoiding dairy products or taking lactase enzyme supplements.

An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causing chronic inflammation of the digestive tract.

Persistent diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal pain and other digestive symptoms.

Anemia caused by insufficient iron levels, often linked to poor absorption or dietary deficiency.

Pale skin, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and potential for heart problems.

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to fewer red blood cells or abnormal hemoglobin.

Long-term exposure to irritants like smoking, pollution, or occupational dust.

Chronic bronchitis, characterized by inflammation and excessive mucus in the airways. Emphysema, marked by destruction of tiny air sacs (alveoli).

Shortness of breath, persistent cough, wheezing, fatigue, and potential for chest tightness.

Smoking cessation is crucial. Medications like bronchodilators and steroids can relieve symptoms.

A condition affecting the small intestine's ability to absorb essential nutrients from food.

A. Malabsorption Syndromes - issues with nutrient uptake in the small intestine. B. Blood Dyscrasias - problems with oxygen carrying capacity. C. Respiratory Disorders - impaired gas exchange.