Renal Diseases in Biomedical Science

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary reason for maintaining renal function in the body?

To maintain normal body fluid volume and composition (correct)

To improve digestive efficiency

To regulate body temperature

To enhance respiratory function

Which of the following is NOT a cause of loss of renal function?

Diabetes

Arteriosclerosis (correct)

High blood pressure

Renal tract infections

What is one effect of kidney disease on the body?

Fluid overload (correct)

Increased bone density

Enhanced metabolic rate

Decreased fluid retention

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with kidney disease?

Severe fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for dental management of patients with kidney disease?

Consulting with the patient's nephrologist Signup and view all the answers

What is a common metabolic effect of chronic kidney disease?

Glucose in urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gastrointestinal effects is associated with chronic kidney disease?

Weight loss Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic kidney disease primarily affect the haematological system?

Deficiency of erythropoietin leading to anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which cardiovascular effect is commonly observed in chronic kidney disease?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with neuromuscular effects of chronic kidney disease?

Increased muscle strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the term 'Ethmoid'?

Greek meaning 'sieve' Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Ethmoid bone contributes to forming the nasal septum?

Perpendicular plate Signup and view all the answers

What is located within the Ethmoid labyrinths?

Ethmoid air cells Signup and view all the answers

What structure projects superiorly from the cribriform plate?

Crista galli Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a fracture of the cribriform plate?

Rhinorrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity does the Ethmoid bone NOT separate from the nasal cavity?

Oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

How does inflammation affect the Ethmoid bone?

Leads to orbital emphysema Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Ethmoid bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Cribriform plate Signup and view all the answers

What potential problem may arise from a fracture of the Ethmoid labyrinth?

Olfactory dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material that composes the Ethmoid bone?

Lightweight spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Importance of Renal Function

Renal function is crucial for maintaining normal body fluid volume and composition.
Essential for excreting waste products and drugs.
Management of previously fatal renal diseases has improved, leading to an increase in kidney transplant patients.

Causes of Loss of Renal Function

Renal diseases: Include renal tract infections, glomerulonephritis, hypertension, diabetes, and congenital abnormalities.
Renal hypofunction: May occur from severe shock or hemorrhage.
Blockage of renal outflow: Commonly caused by kidney stones or prostate tumors.

Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to reduced kidney functions and affects various body systems.
Initially may present with no symptoms, but progresses to manifest systemic issues.

Metabolic Effects

Increased thirst and nocturia (urination at night).
Presence of glucose in urine and disturbances in electrolyte balance.

Cardiovascular Effects

Hypertension is common in CKD patients.
Development of atheroma, increasing cardiovascular risk.

Gastrointestinal Effects

Loss of appetite, leading to weight loss.
Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, peptic ulcers, and hiccups.

Neuromuscular Effects

Common neurological symptoms include headaches, drowsiness, and tremors.

Haematological Effects

Bleeding tendencies due to platelet dysfunction or from anticoagulant medications.
Anaemia results from deficiency of erythropoietin.

Other Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease

Skin changes include easy bruising and rashes.
Increased susceptibility to infections.

Dental Relevance and Management

Renal diseases may necessitate modifications in dental treatment plans.
Oral manifestations associated with kidney disease require awareness in dental practice.
General management of kidney disease patients should include consideration of periodontal and overall health for effective treatment outcomes.

Ethmoid Bone Overview

Named after the Greek word "Ethmos," meaning sieve, due to its lightweight and spongy structure.
A small unpaired bone that forms a part of the orbital complex.

Location and Contribution

Situated in the paranasal sinuses, it contributes to the medial wall of the orbit.
Forms part of the anterior cranial fossa.
Separates the nasal cavity inferiorly from the cranial cavity superiorly.
Innervated by the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves.

Structural Features

Composed of four main parts:
- Cribriform Plate:
  - Forms the roof of the nasal cavity, perforated by numerous olfactory fibers.
  - The crista galli projects superiorly from this plate.
- Perpendicular Plate:
  - Constitutes the superior two-thirds of the nasal septum, descending from the cribriform plate.
- Ethmoid Labyrinths:
  - Large masses on either side of the perpendicular plate, containing ethmoid air cells (ethmoid sinuses).

Clinical Relevance

Cribriform Plate Fracture:
- Can lead to anosmia (loss of smell).
Ethmoid Labyrinth Fracture:
- May result in communication between the nasal cavity and orbit, causing orbital emphysema.
Inflammation:
- Can lead to rhinorrhea, where cerebral spinal fluid may enter the nasal cavity and drain as clear fluid from one side of the nose.
- Damage to the ethmoid bone may result from infection, inflammation, or facial trauma.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of renal diseases and their impact on oral health. Students will learn about the importance of renal function and how it affects dental treatment planning and outcomes. Key topics include causes of renal function loss and its systemic relevance.