10 Questions
What is the main characteristic of glomerular disease according to the content?
destruction of the glomerular components
Which of the following are causes of chronic renal failure?
Loss of polyanion
Chronic renal failure can lead to anemia, metabolic bone disease, and acidosis.
True
_______ is the most frequent cause of recurrent gross or microscopic hematuria.
IgA Nephropathy
Match the following clinical classifications with their respective conditions:
Primary - Acute nephritic syndrome = Post-streptococcal GN Secondary - Acute nephritic syndrome = SLE Primary - Nephrotic syndrome = Minimal change disease Secondary - Nephrotic syndrome = DM
Which of the following is a major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Inorganic salt
What is the characteristic feature observed in Glomeruli during early disease?
Normal
Membranoproliferative GN is a type of glomerulonephritis associated with nephrotic syndrome.
True
The pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis is linked with generalized ____________.
micro-angiopathy
Match the glomerulosclerosis type with its characteristic feature:
Diffuse glomerulosclerosis = Overall widening of the mesangium and increase of mesangial matrix Nodular glomerulosclerosis = Nodular accentuation or expansion of mesangium with increased matrix material
Study Notes
Classification of Renal Disease
- Renal disease can be classified into:
- Glomerular disease
- Disease affecting tubules and interstitium
- Disease involving the blood vessels
- Cystic disease of the kidney
- Urinary outflow obstruction
- Tumors
Glomerular Disease
- Is a group of disorders characterized by destruction of the glomerular components
- One of the most common causes of chronic renal failure (ESRD)
- Mechanisms of glomerular injury:
- Immune-mediated glomerular injury
- Cytotoxic antibodies
- Activation of classic and alternative pathways
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Loss of polyanion effect
- Hyperfiltration
- Podocyst injury
Pattern of Glomerular Response to Injury
- Cellular proliferation
- Leukocyte infiltration
- Thickening of glomerular capillary loop
- Deposition of immune complexes
- Increase in GBM material
- Infiltration of abnormal material
Factor Affecting Localization of Deposit
- BM reaction:
- Membranous projection (spikes)
- Splitting of BM (double contour)
- Hyalinosis
- Fibrosis
- Epithelial cell injury
Pattern or Extent of Glomerular Injury
- Diffuse: all glomeruli affected
- Focal: some glomeruli affected
- Segmental: part of glomeruli affected
- Global: entire glomeruli affected
Classification of Glomerulonephritis (GN)
- WHO classification:
- Proliferative GN
- Non-proliferative GN
- Clinical classification:
- GN associated with nephrotic syndrome
- GN associated with nephritic syndrome
- GN associated with nephrotic syndrome:
- Minimal change disease
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- Membranous GN
- Membranoproliferative GN
- GN associated with nephritic syndrome:
- Post-infectious GN
- Rapid progressive GN
- Goodpasture's syndrome
- Anti-GBM crescent GN
- Immune complex crescent GN
- Pauci-immune crescent GN
Clinical Manifestation of GN
- Asymptomatic hematuria
- Asymptomatic proteinuria
- Acute nephritic syndrome
- Acute nephrotic syndrome
- Chronic renal failure
GN Associated with Nephritic Syndrome
- Acute post-infectious GN
- Rapid progressive GN
- Goodpasture's syndrome
- Anti-GBM crescent GN
- Immune complex crescent GN
- Pauci-immune crescent GN
Hereditary Nephritis
- A group of hereditary glomerular diseases caused by mutation in genes encoding GBM proteins
- Examples:
- Alport syndrome
- X-linked disease
- Nephritis
- Nerve deafness
- Various eye disorders
GN Associated with Nephrotic Syndrome
- Minimal change disease
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- Membranous GN
- Membranoproliferative GN
- IgA nephropathy
- Hereditary nephritis
Pathogenesis of GN
- Immune mechanism
- Genetic predisposition
- Environmental factors
- Hemodynamic changes
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
- Major cause of renal morbidity and mortality in diabetes
- Occurs after 10-20 years of clinical disease
- Clinical features:
- Microangiopathy
- Renal symptoms
- Proteinuria
- Glucosurea
- Progressive decrease in renal function
- Pathology:
- Capillary BM thickening
- Diffuse glomerulosclerosis
- Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease)
- Pathogenesis:
- Linked with generalized microangiopathy
- Metabolic defect causing hyperglycemia
- Biochemical alterations in diabetic GBM
- Non-enzymatic glycosylation
This quiz covers the classification of renal diseases, including glomerular disease, tubular and interstitial disease, vascular disease, cystic disease, outflow obstruction, and tumors.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
