Renal Autoregulation and Nephron Function Quiz

A significant and potentially life-threatening situation from excessive consumption of barbiturates.

A patient who shows no reaction to stimuli.

Inserting a tube into the trachea to enable breathing.

Using a machine to assist or replace lung function.

Reflexes associated with the brain stem that can still exist in a comatose state.

An EEG showing widespread slow brain wave activity, suggestive of a lack of cortical brain activity.

Pre-written instructions regarding medical care in end-of-life situations.

Extubating the patient, discontinuing mechanical ventilation; however, continuing to monitor the patient for respiratory and cardiac failure (do CPR if necessary).

The kidney's ability to maintain a stable glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) despite changes in blood pressure.

A mechanism of renal autoregulation where the afferent arteriole constricts or dilates in response to changes in blood pressure entering the kidney.

A mechanism of renal autoregulation where the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) senses changes in tubular fluid flow and composition, triggering adjustments in afferent arteriole constriction or dilation.

Reduced blood pressure reaching the kidney due to factors like a mass compressing the renal artery.

Blood vessel carrying blood to the glomerulus.

Blood vessel carrying blood away from the glomerulus.

Despite decreased perfusion pressure, the kidney effectively maintains its filtration rate and blood flow.

The process by which the kidney adjusts blood flow in its arterioles to maintain stable glomerular filtration and plasma flow.

A classic presentation of a kidney stone, where the pain originates in the back (flank) and travels downwards towards the scrotum.

A sudden and intense pain that often awakens the patient, a hallmark of a kidney stone.

Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys.

Pain that concentrates in the left side of the lower abdomen, consistent with the location of the left ureter where the stone may be lodged.

The absence of pain when pressure is released from the abdomen, indicating the pain is not caused by peritoneal inflammation, typical in conditions like appendicitis.

A combination of sudden onset flank pain radiating to the scrotum, absent abdominal rebound tenderness, and no palpable masses.

Distinguishing between a kidney stone and appendicitis requires careful consideration of the pain location, onset, and presence of other symptoms like rebound tenderness.

Differentiating between a kidney stone and testicular torsion involves analyzing the pain location, sudden onset, and any associated scrotal swelling.

The process of producing ketone bodies, which are used as an alternative fuel source by the body during periods of low glucose availability, such as prolonged fasting or ketogenic diet.

Increased urine production caused by substances in the blood that draw water out of the body.

A condition where there is an excessive amount of glucose in the blood, typically associated with diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

A state of lacking sufficient body fluids, often caused by excessive water loss through sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea.

A state of mental confusion and disorientation, often characterized by hallucinations, agitation, and incoherent speech.

Fluids administered directly into a vein to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes.

Insulin administered directly into a vein to control high blood glucose levels.

Potassium administered directly into a vein to replenish lost potassium levels.

Inability to recognize familiar faces, even one's own, despite being able to see them. Often associated with damage to the fusiform gyrus in the brain.

A stroke affecting the PCA, which supplies blood to regions of the brain responsible for visual processing. It can cause visual impairments, such as difficulty recognizing objects or faces.

A stroke impacting the ACA, responsible for supplying blood to the frontal lobes and motor cortex. Can cause weakness or paralysis in the legs and feet, as well as sensory deficits.

A stroke affecting the MCA, which supplies blood to areas of the brain responsible for motor control, language, and sensory functions. Typically manifests with weakness or paralysis in the face and arms, possible speech difficulties.

A stroke affecting small arteries supplying the basal ganglia (including the striatum and internal capsule). Often associated with lacunar infarcts due to hypertension, leading to weakness or paralysis.

A stroke involving the anterior choroidal artery, which supplies blood to the internal capsule and other vital brain regions. Symptoms often include weakness or paralysis, as well as sensory loss in the legs and feet.

Difficulties in associating visual information with past experiences or knowledge. The patient may see an object but be unable to identify what it is.

A comprehensive assessment of the nervous system involving tests of cognitive function, motor skills, sensory perception, reflexes, and more. It helps identify neurological conditions, their severity, and localization.

A rare metabolic disorder where the body cannot break down certain amino acids and fatty acids properly, leading to a buildup of methylmalonic acid.

Low blood sugar levels due to the buildup of methylmalonic acid inhibiting gluconeogenesis (the process of making glucose from other sources).

The body produces ketones as an alternative fuel source because there isn't enough glucose available due to hypoglycemia.

High levels of ammonia in the blood due to methylmalonic acid interfering with the urea cycle (the process of removing ammonia from the blood).

A parasitic roundworm that causes trichinosis, an infection acquired by eating undercooked meat, especially pork.

Fever, muscle pain, periorbital edema (swelling around the eyes), and muscle tenderness.

Muscle biopsy is the most definitive test to confirm the diagnosis.

The parasite, Trichinella spiralis, travels through the bloodstream and lodges in the muscles, making a muscle biopsy the most accurate way to detect it.