18 Questions
What is the significance of the structure labelled 2 in the image?
The inferior mesenteric artery hooking over the isthmus can arrest the ascent of the kidneys.
In a hypertensive patient, when would you consider performing renal angiography to assess for the presence of renal artery stenosis?
In patients with bruits, refractory or progressive hypertension.
According to the RIFLE criteria, what is the definition of the 'Risk' stage of acute kidney injury?
A 1.5-fold increase in serum creatinine or a GFR reduction of 25%, or urine output less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr for 6 hours.
According to the RIFLE criteria, what is the definition of the 'Failure' stage of acute kidney injury?
A 3-fold increase in serum creatinine or a GFR reduction of 75%, or urine output less than 0.3 ml/kg/hr for 24 hours, or anuria for 12 hours.
What is the definition of 'End-stage kidney disease' according to the RIFLE criteria?
Complete loss of kidney function for more than 3 months.
What are microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in urine in certain conditions?
Urinary casts.
What is the main cause of renal artery stenosis?
Atherosclerosis
Which diagnostic test is required to localize renal artery stenosis?
Arteriography
What is the recommended treatment for renal artery stenosis if anti-hypertensive medications fail?
Angioplasty with or without stenting
What is the typical appearance of fibromuscular dysplasia on renal angiography?
Irregular narrowing with a 'string of beads' appearance
Which of the following is NOT a feature of horseshoe kidney?
Increased risk of renal artery stenosis
What is the cure rate for renal artery stenosis after surgical revascularization?
70-80%
What is the most common cause of renal artery stenosis?
Atherosclerosis
What is the primary consequence of renal artery stenosis?
Renovascular hypertension
Which of the following is NOT a typical pathological finding in an ischemic kidney due to renal artery stenosis?
Hypercellular glomeruli
Which anatomical structure is described as having an 'isthmus' in the provided text?
Horseshoe kidney
What is the term used to describe the complete absence of a kidney?
Renal agenesis
Which imaging modality would be most useful in diagnosing renal artery stenosis?
Catheter angiography
Learn about the clinical features and treatment of renal artery stenosis, including how to diagnose and manage the condition. Symptoms may be subtle, but specific tests like elevated plasma renin levels and renal scans can help in diagnosis.
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