Renaissance and Reformation Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary significance of Niccolo Machiavelli's work, 'The Prince'?

  • It serves as a critique of Renaissance art.
  • It details the history of the Protestant Reformation.
  • It lays the foundation for modern political theory. (correct)
  • It explores the principles of an ideal society.

What was the primary purpose of Martin Luther's 95 Theses?

  • To establish a new form of government in Europe.
  • To promote the sale of indulgences.
  • To advocate for the unification of Catholicism and Protestantism.
  • To challenge the Catholic Church’s practices. (correct)

Which invention is Johannes Gutenberg best known for?

  • The steam engine.
  • The mechanical clock.
  • Movable-type printing press. (correct)
  • The telescope.

What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance period?

<p>A revival of Classical learning and human potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which English monarch was responsible for the establishment of the Church of England?

<p>Henry VIII. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Triangular Trade' refer to?

<p>A series of trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major consequence of the Columbian Exchange?

<p>The spread of European diseases to Indigenous populations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups emerged as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

<p>Anabaptists, Lutherans, and Calvinists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is known for advocating the separation of powers in government?

<p>Montesquieu (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the pledge of the Third Estate to not disband until a new French constitution was adopted?

<p>The Tennis Court Oath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia?

<p>Vasco da Gama (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major cause of the French Revolution related to social status?

<p>Unequal taxation among social classes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is recognized as the Father of Liberalism?

<p>John Locke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What document is associated with the principles of equality and individual rights during the French Revolution?

<p>Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution?

<p>Maximilien Robespierre (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic theory is associated with the concept of the 'invisible hand'?

<p>Classical Liberalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical invention was NOT associated with the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Electric generator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following explorers is credited with demonstrating that the New World was not Asia?

<p>Amerigo Vespucci (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Renaissance

A cultural movement originating in Italy during the 14th century that emphasized classical learning and art.

Reformation

A schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants.

Humanism

An intellectual movement that celebrated human potential and achievements.

The Prince

A political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli, often considered a foundational work in modern political theory.

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Utopia

A fictional island society described in Thomas More's book, "Utopia," exhibiting ideal social, political, and religious systems.

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Triangular Trade

A system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the colonial period.

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Middle Passage

The forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade.

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Columbian Exchange

The widespread exchange of plants, animals, culture, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and Europe.

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Absolutism

The system of government where a single ruler holds absolute power, often by divine right. This system was common in Europe during the 16th to 18th centuries.

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Constitutionalism

A system of government where the power of the ruler is limited by a constitution or other legal documents, ensuring individual rights and freedoms.

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Enlightenment

An intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing reason, logic, and individual rights, which profoundly influenced political and social thought in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.

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First Estate

The first of the three Estates in pre-revolutionary France, comprising the clergy, who were exempt from taxes and held significant influence.

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Second Estate

The second of the three Estates in pre-revolutionary France, consisting of the nobility, who enjoyed privileges like tax exemption and held high social status.

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Third Estate

The third of the three Estates in pre-revolutionary France, encompassing the commoners, including peasants, artisans, and merchants, who bore the burden of high taxes and lacked privileges enjoyed by the upper estates.

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Reign of Terror

A period of extreme violence and bloodshed during the French Revolution, marked by the systematic execution of anyone deemed an enemy of the revolution by the ruling faction, the Jacobins.

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Tennis Court Oath

A pledge by members of the Third Estate during the French Revolution to not disband until a new constitution was adopted. This act signaled the growing power of the commoners and marked a pivotal event in the revolution.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A document that declared the fundamental rights of all citizens in France, inspired by Enlightenment ideas and the American Declaration of Independence.

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Invisible Hand

A key concept in Adam Smith’s economic theory, proposing that individuals acting in their own self-interest unintentionally create wealth and benefit society as a whole, through the forces of supply and demand.

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Study Notes

Renaissance and Reformation

  • Renaissance: A cultural revival in 14th-17th century Italy, emphasizing classical learning.
  • Reformation: A religious split within Western Christianity, led by figures like Martin Luther.
  • Humanism: An intellectual movement focusing on human potential, rejecting medieval scholasticism.

Key Figures in the Renaissance

  • Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci: Masters of Renaissance art.
  • Niccolò Machiavelli: Author of "The Prince," a significant political treatise.
  • Thomas More: Author of "Utopia," describing an ideal society.
  • Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the movable-type printing press, revolutionizing knowledge dissemination.

Post-Reformation Religions

  • Protestant denominations: Anabaptists, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anglicans emerged after the Reformation.

Exploration and Colonization

  • Triangular Trade: A trading system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the slave trade.
  • Columbian Exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.
  • Middle Passage: The transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans.
  • Explorers: Vasco da Gama (India), Christopher Columbus (Americas), Francisco Pizarro (Inca), and Amerigo Vespucci (New World continent).
  • Contributing Nations: Spain, England, Portugal, France, the Netherlands were key in exploration and colonization.

Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and Enlightenment

  • Key Philosophers: Thomas Hobbes (absolute sovereignty), John Locke (natural rights), Montesquieu (separation of powers), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (innate goodness, natural law), Adam Smith (classical economics), Mary Wollstonecraft (women's rights), and Voltaire (civil liberties).
  • Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Figures: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton

The French Revolution

  • Estates System: The French social structure prior to the revolution, consisting of clergy, nobility, and commoners.
  • Key Events: The fall of the Bastille, Women's March on Versailles, Reign of Terror.
  • Reign of Terror: Period of radical repression and bloodshed under the Jacobins, led by Robespierre.
  • Tennis Court Oath: A pledge by the Third Estate to create a new constitution.
  • Key Causes: Financial crisis, social inequality, political absolutism, and economic hardship.
  • The Rights of Man: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution.
  • French Monarchs: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
  • Post-Revolution Leader: Napoleon Bonaparte.
  • Napoleon's Defeat: At the Battle of Waterloo.

Latin American Revolutions

  • Social Classes: Social stratification (Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Native Americans, enslaved Africans) fueled independence movements.

Industrial Revolution

  • Key Theories: Adam Smith's "invisible hand", Karl Marx's critique of capitalism.
  • Technological Advances: Steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom.
  • Causes: Agricultural productivity, population growth, capital, and market access.
  • Effects: Urbanization, changes in labor, and significant social/economic transformations.

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