Religious Fragmentation and Reformation Quiz

The practice of selling pardons for sins, excusing individuals from penance and granting them access to heaven.

A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

A document written by Martin Luther that challenged the Catholic Church's doctrine on indulgences and other practices.

The movement that challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

The core belief of Protestantism, emphasizing individual salvation through faith in Jesus Christ.

The spread of Protestant ideas throughout Europe, driven by Martin Luther's writings and the printing press.

A Protestant denomination founded by Martin Luther, emphasizing the Bible as the sole authority and justification by faith.

A Protestant denomination founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and strict moral discipline.

The reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, emphasizing doctrine and spirituality.

The process by which the English monarch, King Henry VIII, broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife.

A council of high-ranking church officials held from 1545 to 1563, established in response to the Protestant Reformation. The council aimed to reaffirm and define Roman Catholic theology in detail, address perceived abuses within the church, and implement reforms such as improved clergy education.

Founded by Ignatius Loyola in the 16th century, this religious order consists of highly educated and dedicated missionaries known for their global outreach, scholarly pursuits, and influence in royal courts.

A period of intense persecution and accusations targeting individuals believed to have supernatural powers derived from the devil. This belief led to widespread trials, executions, and imprisonment. Victims were often marginalized women based on societal biases.

Religious conflicts that erupted across Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, with religious disagreements often serving as a catalyst for political and territorial struggles. These wars involved powerful monarchies and nations fighting for dominance, control of territory, and religious supremacy.

A period of consolidation and expansion of centralized power by monarchs in various European states. This process was driven by factors such as religious unrest, the emergence of new monarchs, and the need to control increasingly powerful noble factions.

The Holy Roman Empire, a loose confederation of states in central Europe, faced an era of challenges during the 16th century under Emperor Charles V. These challenges included maintaining control amidst the Reformation, confronting external threats like the Ottoman Empire, and balancing different power interests.

The period of the Reformation allowed regional rulers to consolidate power by appealing to the religious loyalties of their subjects, providing a strategic advantage in building up their own states.

A form of governance characterized by a division of power between the ruling monarch and representative institutions like parliaments. This type of system emerged gradually, often through struggles and compromises.

A type of absolute monarchy in which the ruler holds supreme power, often justified by the idea of 'divine right' – that God granted them their authority. This system often involved centralized control and the suppression of opposition.

A powerful minister to King Louis XIII of France in the early 17th century, Richelieu played a crucial role in consolidating royal power by eliminating powerful noble factions, curbing Protestant activities, and fortifying French absolutism.

Known as the

The English Civil War, a bloody conflict fought in the mid-17th century, resulted in the execution of King Charles I and the brief establishment of a dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell. This event had a significant impact on the English concept of government, eventually leading to the rise of a more limited monarchy.

The Dutch Republic, emerging from a struggle for independence against Spanish rule in the 16th and 17th centuries, developed a system of representative assemblies that played a crucial role in governing the newly formed republic. This system allowed for a balance of power between various provinces and contributed to the republic's success.

This significant event in 1688-1689, also known as the Bloodless Revolution, saw the deposition of .

A powerful and ambitious Russian leader who modernized the Russian state by building a navy, introducing Western technologies and military reforms, and establishing a new capital city - St. Petersburg.

A period of major change in European history, marked by scientific discoveries, philosophical ideas, and economic transformations that led to modernization and empire building.

The capital city of Russia and a major center of naval power during the 18th century.

Russian Empress who expanded the empire, promoted modernization, and attempted to implement social reforms, though she faced opposition from the peasantry and the elite.

A former soldier who led an army to rebel against Catherine the Great. Though ultimately defeated, his rebellion highlighted the discontent among the peasantry and the need for social reforms.

A treaty signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established a new system of international relations in Europe.

The concept that European states would balance their power by forming alliances to prevent any one state from becoming too dominant. This encouraged competition and fostered military development.

A period of economic change in Europe, characterized by the rise of capitalism, population growth, urbanization, and new economic institutions.

The system of agriculture and labor in Russia where peasants were tied to the land and controlled by landowners. They were treated almost like slaves and provided cheap labor.

A system of manufacturing where urban merchants would distribute raw materials to rural households, who would then make finished goods.

A period of economic growth and innovation that took place in Europe between the 17th and 18th centuries, driven by the putting-out system and other technological advancements.

A key principle of capitalism involving private individuals or organizations owning and controlling the means of production, determining prices, quantity, quality, and distribution.

A group of merchants who pooled resources to invest in exploration, trade, and colonization. They were granted charters by governments to pursue economic opportunities in distant lands.

The movement promoting reason, logic, and empirical evidence in understanding the universe and human society. It challenged traditional religious beliefs and encouraged a belief in individual liberty.

A major scientific discovery in the 16th century that challenged the geocentric model of the universe by proposing that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

Italian scientist who made important observations with the telescope, supporting the heliocentric model and challenging traditional scientific theories.

A period in Japanese history from 1603 to 1868, marked by the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, known for its policy of isolationism and strict social controls.

A policy of isolationism adopted by the Tokugawa shogunate, aimed at preventing foreign influence and preserving Japanese traditions.

A military government established by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603, which ruled Japan for over 260 years.

Japanese feudal lords who were granted control over specific territories during the Tokugawa Shogunate.

The top class in Tokugawa Japan, comprising the shogun, daimyo, and samurai, who enjoyed social and political privileges.

A philosophy that stresses social hierarchy and moral order, emphasizing loyalty and obedience.

The revitalization of Confucianism in Japan during the Tokugawa period., emphasizing social harmony and education.

A form of Japanese theater that combines acting, singing, and dancing, known for its elaborate costumes and dramatic storytelling.

A form of Japanese puppet theater, renowned for its intricate puppets and skillfully voiced stories.

The practice of learning the Dutch language and culture in Tokugawa Japan, as a source of information about the outside world.

The scientific revolution was a time of great change and discovery in which the way that people understood the world was changed. However, it did not completely rely on theories alone, as scientists continued their practice of observation along with mathematical models, and made new discoveries even based on old methods.

An English Physician, Harvey discovered and proved that the principle of blood circulation was true. Even with his advanced discovery, he still held prejudices towards women, like other scientists, but even his prejudice was supported by the ideas spread through the printing press.

Emilie du Chatelet was a female scientist that was one of the pioneers of the scientific revolution. She was influential through translations and analysis of complex scientific texts.

The Ming Dynasty was a dynasty that took over the Yuan dynasty, and erased all its influence from China. They were inspired by prior dynasties like the Tang and Song, which were also influenced by Confucius and other thinkers.

The Ming Dynasty wanted to revive and encourage support for Chinese cultural institutions and traditions. This meant a more prominent role for Confucianism, which the leaders themselves supported and promoted.

Hongwu was the founder of the Ming dynasty that defeated the Mongols. Since he was a strong and ambitious ruler, he centralized the state to consolidate his power.

Yongle was a Ming Dynasty emperor who ordered several naval expeditions around the Indian Ocean since he supported and encouraged trade and exploration. His successors would eventually discontinue this practice.

Wanli was the emperor ruling during Matteo Ricci's mission to China. This emperor was known for his negligence to government affairs, often only communicating with his officials through eunuchs.

Pirates and smugglers of Chinese and Japanese origins were a significant problem for the Ming Dynasty during its decline and collapse.

The Qing Dynasty was a dynasty that took over the Ming Dynasty. They were from a nomadic people who had a powerful military and eventually took over China in the 1600's.

The Chinese were a powerful and influential force. They had conquered many areas and established their own culture around them for centuries. The Qing Dynasty took advantage of this fact to gain support from the Chinese, which ultimately led to the victory against the Ming.

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty, who were originally pastoral nomads, tried to integrate themselves into Chinese society.

Nurhaci was a powerful chieftain who united the Manchu tribes. He established a powerful military and centralized the Manchus to prepare them for their subsequent conquest of China.

Kangxi was an effective and intelligent ruler who expanded China's empire and consolidated power. He consolidated his power by undertaking huge construction projects such as flood-control and irrigation, expanding Chinese influence, and even learning Confucianism.

Qianlong, Kangxi's grandson, was another powerful and successful Qing Dynasty emperor. He continued the expansion of Chinese influence and made the dynasty reach its height. However, later on, he became complacent and influenced his successors to rule similarly.