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Questions and Answers
What is the concept known as 'the lesser jihad' in Islam?
What is the concept known as 'the lesser jihad' in Islam?
According to Islamic jurisprudence on war, what differentiates legitimate from illegitimate warfare?
According to Islamic jurisprudence on war, what differentiates legitimate from illegitimate warfare?
In which situations is fighting justified according to Islamic concepts concerning war?
In which situations is fighting justified according to Islamic concepts concerning war?
What is the expected manner for Muslims in times of war according to Islamic law?
What is the expected manner for Muslims in times of war according to Islamic law?
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What is one of the conditions that should lead to the cessation of fighting in Islam?
What is one of the conditions that should lead to the cessation of fighting in Islam?
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How should war be conducted according to Islamic teachings?
How should war be conducted according to Islamic teachings?
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What was one of the major battles in the history of Islam that occurred in 624 AD?
What was one of the major battles in the history of Islam that occurred in 624 AD?
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Which dynasty declared an everlasting Jihad against the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula?
Which dynasty declared an everlasting Jihad against the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula?
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Which Muslim dynasty conquered all of Northern Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberian Peninsula)?
Which Muslim dynasty conquered all of Northern Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberian Peninsula)?
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What battle saw the defending army led by King Alfonso VIII of Castile defeating Muhammad al-Nasir near Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212?
What battle saw the defending army led by King Alfonso VIII of Castile defeating Muhammad al-Nasir near Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212?
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Which early Islamic battle saw an 'unseen army of angels' sent by Allah to help the Muslims defeat the Meccans?
Which early Islamic battle saw an 'unseen army of angels' sent by Allah to help the Muslims defeat the Meccans?
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Which period marked almost constant warfare between Muslim al-Andalus and Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula?
Which period marked almost constant warfare between Muslim al-Andalus and Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula?
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Study Notes
Islamic Concepts of War
- Jihad is considered a religious duty to struggle, with two types: "lesser jihad" for physical struggle and inner spiritual striving.
- Islamic jurisprudence differentiates between illegitimate and legitimate warfare, prescribing proper conduct for combatants.
Early Islamic Warfare
- Early forms of warfare occurred after Muhammad's migration to Medina and the conversion of some inhabitants to Islam.
- Muslims were persecuted and oppressed by Meccans, leading to battles like the Battle of Badr in 624 AD.
Notable Battles in Islamic History
- Battle of Uhud (625): unsuccessful for the Muslims
- Battle of Khandaq (627): a significant battle
- Battle of Mecca (630): a major victory for the Muslims
- Battle of Khaybar (628): a significant battle
- Battle of Hunayn (630): a significant battle
- The Quran states that Allah sent an "unseen army of angels" to help the Muslims defeat the Meccans in the Battle of Badr.
Islamic Conquests
- The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711-718) led to the destruction of the Visigothic Kingdom and the establishment of the Umayyad Wilayah of Al-Andalus.
- The conquest marked the westernmost expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim rule into Europe.
- The Iberian Peninsula was the scene of constant warfare between Muslim al-Andalus and Christian kingdoms.
The Almohad Dynasty
- Founded in the 12th century, the Almohad Dynasty was a Berber, Muslim dynasty that conquered Northern Africa and Al-Andalus.
- They declared an everlasting Jihad against the Christians and treated Jews and Christians harshly, leading to emigration.
- The Almohads campaigned to destroy Catholic kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula, but were defeated by King Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1212.
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Description
Explore the historical interaction between religion and warfare in Islam, focusing on the concept of jihad and Islamic jurisprudence on war. Learn about the association between Muslim states and empires with warfare, and the differentiation between legitimate and illegitimate warfare.
