Religion and War Chapter Exploration
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Questions and Answers

What is the central question the author seeks to address in this chapter?

  • The extent to which religion influences its followers' inclination towards war or peace. (correct)
  • The analysis of the relationship between war and religion within a specific historical context.
  • The role of religious beliefs in shaping the concept of atheism.
  • The historical significance of the clash between Christendom and the Umma in the 11th and 12th centuries.
  • What is the author's initial approach to exploring the relationship between religion and war?

  • Begins by examining the concept of religion itself, exploring its potential influence on human behavior in the context of war.
  • Discusses the historical context of religious conflict between the 11th and 12th centuries.
  • Presents a historical analysis of the Crusades, focusing on the clash between Christianity and Islam. (correct)
  • Introduces the concept of atheism and its presence in various historical periods.
  • Why does the author suggest that it may be difficult to reach definitive conclusions about the relationship between religion and war?

  • The influence of religion on war is often exaggerated, making it difficult to separate its impact from other factors.
  • The study of religion is inherently subjective, making it impossible to arrive at universally accepted conclusions.
  • The lack of sufficient historical evidence prevents researchers from drawing conclusive conclusions.
  • The complexity of religious beliefs and practices makes it challenging to identify consistent patterns in how religion influences war. (correct)
  • What is the significance of the author's mention of the Suq el Qatanin?

    <p>To illustrate the diversity and richness of human life, contrasting it with the stark intensity of religious conflict. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the author, what is the role of theoretical concepts in understanding the relationship between religion and war?

    <p>Theoretical concepts can provide a framework for analyzing the historical relationship between religion and war. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author imply by stating that 'we may not, however, be able to take it as far as the tidy-minded would ideally wish'?

    <p>The relationship between religion and war is too complex to be neatly categorized or explained using simple theories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mentioning Rudolf Otto's notion of religion?

    <p>To provide a theoretical framework for examining the nature of religion and its potential influence on human actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from the author's statement that 'If we fail in the attempt, that may tell us something else'?

    <p>The author believes that failure to find definitive conclusions about the relationship between religion and war can also be revealing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the passage from War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy?

    <p>It suggests that Prince Andrei Bolkonsky's spiritual awakening is a result of his experience on the battlefield. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage connect the author's argument about war to religion?

    <p>It argues that religion is a significant factor in both the justification and opposition to war. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author imply about the purpose of war in this passage?

    <p>War is inherently wrong, regardless of its justification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST reflects the author's view on religion's role in resolving conflicts?

    <p>Religion has the potential to guide humanity towards peace and understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the phrase "infinite sky" in the passage?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Prince Andrei's observation of the clouds contribute to his epiphany?

    <p>He experiences a spiritual awakening that transcends his previous understanding of the world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's primary aim in this passage?

    <p>To explore the relationship between religion and war. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the author's argument?

    <p>The search for peace is a religious impulse that can transcend the justifications for war. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental critique does the author make about the question of religion and war?

    <p>It often fails to account for the diversity of religions and their respective perspectives on war. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of 'lived religions' does the author emphasize?

    <p>Its focus on understanding religious practices and experiences in their specific contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's main point regarding the 'ambivalence of the sacred' approach to understanding religion?

    <p>It is limited by its reliance on a specific concept of 'the sacred' rooted in Western religious thought. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the author's statement that 'our general notions of religion...are really the terms of one particular religion'?

    <p>General theories of religion often fail to account for the diversity of religious practices and beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the phrase 'received ideas of religion'?

    <p>To promote a critical examination of commonly held assumptions about religion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's main argument about the study of religion and war?

    <p>The study of religion and war should be approached with caution and critical analysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant difference does the author identify between his view of religion and the 'lived religions' approach?

    <p>The author seeks to define religion in a universal sense, while 'lived religions' approach emphasizes the diverse expressions of religious life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's critique of the 'ambivalence of the sacred' approach in relation to the study of religion and war?

    <p>It relies on a Eurocentric concept of 'the sacred' that may not apply to other religions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core aspect of religion according to Rudolf Otto?

    <p>The holy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Max Weber's view of religion differ from Otto's?

    <p>Weber sees religion as a system of meaning and symbols rather than a personal experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the 'numinous consciousness'?

    <p>A sense of overwhelming awe and fear. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'credal' approach to religion?

    <p>Prioritizes the study of religious doctrines and beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 'lived' approach, what is the most important aspect of understanding religion?

    <p>Analyzing the religious practices and rituals of individuals and communities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'lived' approach to religion?

    <p>Prioritization of stated theology over actual practice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is the key difference between Otto's and Weber's approach to religion?

    <p>Otto focuses on the internal experience of religion, while Weber emphasizes its social function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT presented as a potential reason for the difficulty in finding definitive conclusions about war and religion?

    <p>The subject lacks sufficient research and investigation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinction is often made when discussing the nature of religion?

    <p>The distinction between substantive/credal notions of religion and functional/'lived religion' understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author suggest about the nature of religion as a concept?

    <p>Religion is a complex concept with various interpretations and applications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what does the term 'religion-in-general' refer to?

    <p>The common elements and assumptions that underpin discussions about religion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author imply about the relationship between religion and behavior?

    <p>Religious beliefs and practices can influence individual and societal behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author suggests that the idea of religion as a belief in something infinite that shapes behavior is __.

    <p>A widely accepted and seemingly uncontroversial notion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of the passage?

    <p>The historical context of the idea that war is wrong. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the phrase "Faustian bargain" in the passage?

    <p>A compromise that sacrifices principles for immediate benefits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the double guilt experienced by Christians who fight an unjust war?

    <p>They are guilty of both fighting and of not adhering to the principles of their faith. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's attitude towards the idea that war is bad?

    <p>The author believes that the idea of war being bad is a historical product of Christian influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the author use the example of Vera Brittain to argue their point about war and religion?

    <p>The author uses Brittain's experience to explain how religion shapes one's moral perspective on war. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author imply about the idea that war is inherently wrong, based on historical context?

    <p>The author believes that the idea that war is inherently wrong is a culturally specific concept, varying across time and place. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the author argue against speaking of "religion-in-general" when discussing the idea of war?

    <p>The author believes that it is more productive to focus on specific religions and their unique perspectives on war. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's primary purpose in mentioning the historical example of the Church's alliance with Constantine’s Rome?

    <p>To highlight the historical shift in Christian beliefs about war. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Religion-in-general

    The overarching concept of religion encompassing various beliefs and practices.

    Substantive/credal notion

    Understanding religion based on beliefs in the supernatural or transcendent.

    Functional/lived religion

    Viewing religion through how it's expressed and experienced in daily life.

    Monotheism

    The belief in a single, all-powerful God.

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    Norms of behaviour

    The shared standards and rules guiding how individuals act within a community through religion.

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    Symbolism

    The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities in religious practices.

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    Shared ritual

    Ceremonies or practices performed collectively by members of a religious group.

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    Atheist perspective on religion

    The view rejecting religious beliefs, often based on the concept of infinity or supernatural.

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    The Holy

    A core experience common to all religions, representing something beyond human experience.

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    Numinous Consciousness

    The mental state characterized by feelings of awe and fear in the presence of the holy.

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    Max Weber's View on Religion

    Religion as a system of meaning or symbols vital for societal functioning.

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    Credal Approach

    An approach that focuses on beliefs and doctrines of a religion.

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    Conceptual Distinction

    Differentiating between abstract beliefs and lived experiences in religion.

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    Rituals in Religion

    Practices that individuals participate in, reflecting their beliefs.

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    Lived Religion

    The practical and everyday manifestation of faith as experienced by individuals.

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    Informal Community

    A social group centered on shared beliefs outside formal institutions.

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    Western Christianity

    A form of Christianity, especially Protestant, that has influenced Western culture and thought.

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    Fundamental Structural Problem

    The issue that general notions of religion often reflect only one particular tradition.

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    Ambivalence of the Sacred

    A concept suggesting that religion encompasses both reverence and conflict regarding the sacred.

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    War's fundamental intuition

    The belief that war is fundamentally wrong, rooted in religious thought.

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    Leo Tolstoy

    A pacifist and former soldier who wrote about the horrors of war in 'War and Peace'.

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    Normative Symbols

    Symbols that represent accepted beliefs or practices within a religion.

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    Rudolf Otto

    Theologian known for his work on 'the holy' and the nature of religious experience.

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    Prince Andrei Bolkonsky

    A character in 'War and Peace' who reflects on peace during battle.

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    Plurality of Religious Forms

    The diverse expressions and practices of religion found in different cultures.

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    Battle of Austerlitz

    A major battle in which Prince Andrei contemplates life while wounded.

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    Vanity and falsehood in war

    The realization that much of the struggle in war is meaningless.

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    Received Ideas of Religion

    Preconceived notions about religion that may not accurately represent all beliefs.

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    Revolt against war

    A religious impulse to oppose war and seek peace.

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    Religious impulse

    An intrinsic motivation from religious beliefs that can lead to peace.

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    Reality of peace

    The notion that through faith and insight, peace can be achieved.

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    Vera Brittain

    A writer who became a pacifist after experiencing war.

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    Pacifism

    The belief that war is unjustifiable and advocates for peaceful resolution.

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    Holy War

    A war declared for a religious cause, often seen as divinely sanctioned.

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    Christian Pacifism

    The ideology that opposes violence based on Christian teachings.

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    Faustian Bargain

    A deal where one sacrifices values for power or knowledge, often with dire consequences.

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    Religious Values

    Principles shaped by religious beliefs that influence views on issues like war and peace.

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    Moral Superiority

    The belief that one's ethical views are more valid or superior to others.

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    War is Undesirable

    The presupposition that war should be avoided whenever possible.

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    Clash between Christendom and Umma

    The conflict during the 11th-12th centuries between Christian and Islamic territories.

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    Atheism in historical context

    The absence of atheism during the time of religious conflicts; belief in God was predominant.

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    Religion's predisposition to war

    The idea that religion can influence followers to engage in conflict.

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    Religion's predisposition to peace

    The concept that some religions promote peace and harmony among followers.

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    Fundamental relationship between war and religion

    The exploration of how religion and warfare interact and influence each other.

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    Framing concepts in religion

    Ideas that help categorize and understand the complexities of religion in relation to war.

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    Rudolf Otto's notion of religion

    An influential perspective from a German philosopher about the essence of religion.

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    General conclusions about war and religion

    Insights gained by studying patterns and relationships between religious beliefs and warfare.

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    Study Notes

    Questioning Religion and War

    • This chapter explores how faith traditions, particularly Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, relate to war and peace.
    • It examines whether religion inherently causes or intensifies war, or if it's a force for peace.
    • Various perspectives exist: those against religion view it as inherently warlike, while proponents suggest it can inspire peace or is misunderstood in instances of war.
    • The common thread is that war is generally viewed negatively.

    Jerusalem as a Case Study

    • Considering religion and war in Jerusalem involves considering the complexities of the site's history.
    • The Temple Mount and Haram esh-Sharif represent a space contested by multiple religions, each with its own sacred significance and history of conflict and negotiation.
    • The structures, such as the Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall, represent important aspects of religious history and belief.

    Concepts of Religion

    • The concept of the 'holy' (Rudolf Otto) refers to something beyond human experience
    • This 'holiness' is powerful and complex, drawing humanity to it while at the same time daunting humanity.
    • Sociologist Max Weber defines religion as a system of meaning and symbols central to society's functioning.

    Religion and War in Recent History

    • The Cold War period (1945-1989) saw a specific tension between two world views, reflected in politics and religion.
    • The end of the Cold War saw a change in focus, with some turning to religion or fundamentalist forms of faith as a source of identity.

    Does Religion Make for War?

    • The debate on whether religion causes or contributes to war is complex and nuanced.
    • Proponents may argue that faith's claim on ultimate values justifies war, while others suggest religious people may strive for peace and universal good.
    • There is no consensus on the relation between religion and war.

    Presuppositions in our Ideas of Religion and War

    • The concepts used to think about "religion in general" are often derived from a specific religious tradition.
    • Understanding "war" in general terms is also nuanced and varies across time and culture.
    • The inherent ambiguity in the meanings of "religion" and "war" when analyzed through a broader lens complicates attempts to draw general conclusions on their relationship.

    The Need for a Religious Perspective

    • Individuals like Mohamed Atta and Franz Jägerstätter, despite their different paths, illustrate the complex relationship between religion and action/inaction in the contemporary context.
    • Their actions highlight the varied human responses to the perceived sacred.

    Ambivalence of the Sacred

    • The term "ambivalence of the sacred" helps address that religion can be connected with both war and peace.
    • This term acknowledges the complex experiences of religious individuals facing such situations.

    Conclusion

    • There is no single, universally accepted model for understanding religion or war.
    • Different religions and individuals within them may interpret the sacred in different ways, leading to both violent and peaceful actions.
    • Trying to define "religion in general" often overlooks individual and societal diversity in religious life.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the complex relationship between faith traditions and their implications for war and peace, focusing on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It also uses Jerusalem as a case study to understand the historical conflicts and negotiations among these religions. Gain insights into the various perspectives regarding the role of religion in war and peace.

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