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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum allowable distance for ties above the top of the footing or slab?
What is the maximum allowable distance for ties above the top of the footing or slab?
What is the minimum diameter for lateral ties in columns?
What is the minimum diameter for lateral ties in columns?
What is the minimum number of bars required for a column with a diameter of 16 mm?
What is the minimum number of bars required for a column with a diameter of 16 mm?
What is the maximum spacing allowed for lateral ties in a column?
What is the maximum spacing allowed for lateral ties in a column?
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What is the minimum covering for ties in a column?
What is the minimum covering for ties in a column?
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In a spiral column, what is the minimum diameter required for the column?
In a spiral column, what is the minimum diameter required for the column?
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What is the clear distance required between horizontal bars?
What is the clear distance required between horizontal bars?
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What is the Pg ratio for reinforced area to gross cross-sectional area of a spiral column?
What is the Pg ratio for reinforced area to gross cross-sectional area of a spiral column?
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What is the primary reason concrete is reinforced with steel bars?
What is the primary reason concrete is reinforced with steel bars?
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What does 'bond stress' refer to in reinforced concrete?
What does 'bond stress' refer to in reinforced concrete?
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Which type of beam is supported only on its ends without any restraint?
Which type of beam is supported only on its ends without any restraint?
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What must be avoided to ensure effective use of steel bars in concrete?
What must be avoided to ensure effective use of steel bars in concrete?
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What is the effective depth of a concrete section?
What is the effective depth of a concrete section?
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Which of the following describes a cantilever beam?
Which of the following describes a cantilever beam?
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What is the purpose of concrete cover in reinforced concrete?
What is the purpose of concrete cover in reinforced concrete?
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Who is credited with the use of iron reinforcing bars in concrete structures?
Who is credited with the use of iron reinforcing bars in concrete structures?
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What is the maximum spacing of lateral ties that can be used outside the heights and away from joints?
What is the maximum spacing of lateral ties that can be used outside the heights and away from joints?
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What is the maximum allowable horizontal distance between the lower and upper column positions when crimping or offsetting bars?
What is the maximum allowable horizontal distance between the lower and upper column positions when crimping or offsetting bars?
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What angle of bend is permissible when crimping the vertical bars of a column?
What angle of bend is permissible when crimping the vertical bars of a column?
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How many extra lateral ties are recommended to cater for the thrust caused by the inclined position of a bent bar?
How many extra lateral ties are recommended to cater for the thrust caused by the inclined position of a bent bar?
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What is the minimum clear distance from a reinforcing bar to the farther face of the wall if bars end in a wall?
What is the minimum clear distance from a reinforcing bar to the farther face of the wall if bars end in a wall?
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What is the required clear concrete covering between the face of the beam at the bottom and the sides?
What is the required clear concrete covering between the face of the beam at the bottom and the sides?
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When supporting slab reinforcement, how far must beam reinforcing bars be clear from the bottom of the finish?
When supporting slab reinforcement, how far must beam reinforcing bars be clear from the bottom of the finish?
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What should be done when beam reinforcing bars cross a girder?
What should be done when beam reinforcing bars cross a girder?
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What is a waffle slab?
What is a waffle slab?
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What defines a hollow-core slab?
What defines a hollow-core slab?
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Which type of slab is characterized by a broad, T-shaped section?
Which type of slab is characterized by a broad, T-shaped section?
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What should be the clear distance of slab reinforcement from the bottom?
What should be the clear distance of slab reinforcement from the bottom?
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In a two-way slab, where should the bottom bars along the short span be placed?
In a two-way slab, where should the bottom bars along the short span be placed?
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What is the cross-section of an inverted tee beam similar to?
What is the cross-section of an inverted tee beam similar to?
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What condition is required for splicing bars in slabs?
What condition is required for splicing bars in slabs?
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What is a characteristic of a double tee slab?
What is a characteristic of a double tee slab?
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Which specification is NOT a recognized standard for Portland Cement?
Which specification is NOT a recognized standard for Portland Cement?
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Which type of admixtures is prohibited in prestressed concrete with aluminum embedments?
Which type of admixtures is prohibited in prestressed concrete with aluminum embedments?
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What is the maximum size that concrete aggregates can be in relation to the form dimensions?
What is the maximum size that concrete aggregates can be in relation to the form dimensions?
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What must mixing water for concrete be free from?
What must mixing water for concrete be free from?
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What type of reinforcement is primarily used for spirals or tendons?
What type of reinforcement is primarily used for spirals or tendons?
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The 180º bend in standard hooks requires an extension of how much at the free end of the bar?
The 180º bend in standard hooks requires an extension of how much at the free end of the bar?
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Which type of water is acceptable for mixing concrete that includes aluminum embedments?
Which type of water is acceptable for mixing concrete that includes aluminum embedments?
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Which specification is used for concrete aggregates?
Which specification is used for concrete aggregates?
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What is the purpose of a foundation in construction?
What is the purpose of a foundation in construction?
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What is a characteristic of shallow foundations?
What is a characteristic of shallow foundations?
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What is the reinforcement configuration for a wall thickness of 0.20 m?
What is the reinforcement configuration for a wall thickness of 0.20 m?
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Which type of foundation is used when the soil is unstable?
Which type of foundation is used when the soil is unstable?
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What is the diameter of the vertical reinforcement for a wall thickness of 0.35 m?
What is the diameter of the vertical reinforcement for a wall thickness of 0.35 m?
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In the context of wall reinforcement, where are vertical reinforcements placed for a 0.10 m wall?
In the context of wall reinforcement, where are vertical reinforcements placed for a 0.10 m wall?
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What characterizes a footing in construction?
What characterizes a footing in construction?
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What is the reinforcement specification for a wall thickness of 0.50 m?
What is the reinforcement specification for a wall thickness of 0.50 m?
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Study Notes
Reinforced Concrete Construction
- Concrete is a material in which steel reinforcement is embedded, allowing the two materials to work together to resist forces. This is also known as Beton armé or Ferroconcrete.
- Plain Concrete has no reinforcement or is only reinforced for drying shrinkage or thermal stresses.
- Ferrocement is constructed from cement-sand mortar over wire mesh.
- Cast-in-Place Concrete (In-situ Concrete) is poured and allowed to harden in the desired location.
- Reinforcing materials absorb tensile, shearing, and sometimes compressive stresses in a concrete member or structure.
- Deformed Bars are hot-rolled with surface deformations to develop strong bonding with concrete.
- Tension Reinforcement is designed to withstand tensile forces.
- Compression Reinforcement is designed to resist compressive forces.
- A Balanced Section is a concrete section where the tension reinforcement reaches its yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain.
- An Overreinforced Section is one where the concrete fails in compression before the tension reinforcement reaches its yield strength. This type of design is not recommended.
- An Underreinforced Section is a type of design where the tension reinforcement reaches its yield strength before the concrete in compression does. This is considered better as it gives a warning before failure.
- Concrete design assumptions in elastic theory include plane sections remaining plane, concrete acting elastically with stress varying from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the extreme fibers, concrete having no tension resistance, and no slippage between concrete and steel bars.
Beam Types
- A beam is a rigid structural member transporting transverse loads to supporting elements.
- A simple beam has single span supports at its ends.
- A semi-continuous beam has two spans with or without restraint at the ends.
- A cantilever beam is supported on one end, with the other end extending beyond the support.
- A continuous beam is supported by more than two points.
- A T-beam is part of a floor, cast simultaneously with a beam and has slab serving as flanges.
Beam Nomenclature
- Effective Depth is the distance from the compression face to the centroid of tension reinforcement.
- Bar Spacing is the center-to-center distance between bars.
- Span of Supports is the distance between supporting elements.
- Concrete Cover protects reinforcement from fire and corrosion (measured from reinforcement to concrete).
- Bond is the adhesion between concrete and reinforcement.
- Bond Stress is the adhesive force per unit area of contact between reinforcement and concrete at a specific section.
- Development Length is the length of embedded reinforcement required for the design strength.
- Embedment Length is the length beyond the critical section for embedment reinforcement.
- End Anchorage is the length of reinforcement extending beyond the zero-stress point, often as a hook.
Additional Notes
- Various aspects of reinforcement, materials, and construction are discussed, including water requirements for concrete mixtures.
- Standards and specifications for materials (like cements and aggregates) are mentioned.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of reinforced concrete construction, including the use of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. Learn about different types of concrete, such as plain concrete and ferrocement, and understand the roles of tension and compression reinforcement. Test your knowledge on the materials and methods that enhance the strength of concrete.
